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In fact, there was hardly any activity or social event that could not be set to Music. Weddings, births, christening, funerals, picnics, parades-- 21 had their musical accompaniment.After the American Civil War (1860-1865), the Negroes had gained their freedom and were ready 22 a new type of music, 23 that would preserve their musical traditions but be fast and happy 24 their 25 freedom. They wanted something they could play as professional musicians for both black and white audiences. Jazz was the answer. It combined themes from Negro work songs, spirituals and blues, set to a fast beat, 26 the musicians improvising (即兴而作) as they went along, like the funeral marching bands. To be good, a musician had not only to remember his part but also 27 able to invent new variations on the spur (激励) of the moment.Jazz 28 the people, but popular 29 is changed many times in form, style, and tempo. Each change added something 30 . 30（）
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Part B Directions: You are going to read a text about the topic of nuclear fusion, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Scientists say they have achieved small-scale nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment, using tried and true techniques that are expected to generate far less controversy than past such claims. This latest experiment relied on a tiny crystal to generate a strong electric field. While the energy created was too small to harness cheap fusion power, the technique could have potential uses in medicine, spacecraft propulsion, the oil drilling industry and homeland security, said Seth Putterman, a physicist at the University of California at Los Angeles. Putterman and his colleagues at UCLA, Brian Naranjo and Jim Gimzewski, report their results in Thursday’s issue of the journal Nature. 41. Held up to ridicule Previous claims of tabletop fusion have been met with skepticism and even derision by physicists. 42. Sound theoretical basis Fusion experts said the UCLA experiment will face far less skepticism because it conforms to well-known principles of physics. 43. Energy in waiting Fusion power has been touted as the ultimate energy source and a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels like coal and oil. Fossil fuels are expected to run short in about 50 years. 44. Process of fusion In the UCLA experiment, scientists placed a tiny crystal that can generate a strong electric field into a vacuum chamber filled with deuterium gas, a form of hydrogen capable of fusion. Then the researchers activated the crystal by heating it. 45. Commercial uses UCLA’s Putterman said future experiments will focus on refining the technique for potential commercial uses, including designing portable neutron generators that could be used for oil well drilling or scanning luggage and cargo at airports. In the Nature report, Putterman and his colleagues said the crystal-based method could be used in "microthrusters for miniature spacecraft." In such an application, the method would not rely on nuclear fusion for power generation, but rather on ion propulsion, Putterman said. "As wild as it is, that s a conservative application, "he said.[A] In fusion, light atoms are joined in a high-temperature process that frees large amounts of energy. It is considered environmentally friendly because it produces virtually no air pollution and does not pose the safety and long-term radioactive waste concerns associated with modern nuclear power plants, where heavy uranium atoms are split to create energy in a process known as fission.[B] The resulting electric field created a beam of charged deuterium atoms that struck a nearby target, which was embedded with yet more deuterium. When some of the deuterium atoms in the beam collided with their counterparts in the target, they fused. The reaction gave off an isotope of helium along with subatomic particles knoun as neutrons, a characteristic of fusion. The experiment did not, however, produce more energy than the amount put in--an achievement that would be a huge breakthrough.[C] Another technique, known as sonoluminescence, generates heat through the collapse of tiny bubbles in a liquid. Some scientists claim that nuclear fusion occurs during the reaction, but those claims have sparked sharp debate.[D] In a Nature commentary, Michael Saltmarsh of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory said the process was in some ways "remarkably low-tech," drawing upon principles that were first recorded by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in 314 B. C.. "This doesn’t have any controversy in it because they’re using a tried and true method," David Ruzic, professor of nuclear and plasma engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, told The Associated Press. "There’s no mystery in terms of the physics."[E] In one of the most notable cases, Dr. B. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of Southampton University in England shocked the world in 1989 when they announced that they had achieved so-called cold fusion at room temperature. Their work was discredited after repeated attempts to reproduce it failed.[F] The technology also could conceivably give rise to implantable radiation sources, which could target cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. "You could bring a tiny crystal into the body, place it next to a tumor, turn on the radiation and blast the tumor," Putterman told MSNBC. com. 44
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The American idea that hard work was to be esteemed distinguishes us from Europeans who (1) their gentlemen of leisure. For us, hard work (2) idleness was the way (3) distinction. Now, (4) , like many other traditional values, hard work is coming under (5) . In academic journals, conferences and classrooms, the idea of hard work is considered to be another of those notions that the dominant forces of our society (6) on the rest of Us. It (7) advances white-male interests (8) any woman or minority foolish enough to buy into the dominant value system will find out. In a recent survey, high-school students in the United States and Japan were asked to (9) factors that (10) to success in the classroom. Of the Japanese, 72 percent listed hard work first (11) only 27 percent of Americans agreed. Many factors contribute to the devaluing of hard work. Thinking that self-esteem is crucial, many parents and teachers (12) to point out the student’s failing, even laziness. To make matters (13) , Americans place an unusually high value on the idea of innate ability. And (14) inevitably deemphasizes the role that hard work plays in success. (15) if our students fail to see that hard work (16) , it is because we are telling them time and again, that it (17) . If we want young people to esteem hard work, it is UP to us to show them its worth, its strength and its significance in everyday life. And while we are at it, we should make sure they know there are many ideas to which we can all (18) . The notion that these values cannot (19) class, race more than the idea of hard work. It can call into question (20) there can be an American creed—a public philosophy for us all. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.5（）
The wet volcanic ash that covered a Maya village in Central America in about AD 595 coated and preserved everyday objects beans, chilies, rope, gourds, even unwashed dishes -- just as they had been left, giving archaeologists a rare chance to learn about the everyday lives of the people of this pre-Columbian village. Exploration of the site, which is located in E1 Salvador and has been given the name Joya de Ceren, is now in its eighth season, and archaeologists are continuing to make new finds. The volcanic eruption that entombed Ceren more than 1,400 years ago began when lava pushed its way close enough to the surface to create a great explosion of steam and. ash that was centered just north of the village. The archaeologists have not found the remains of any human beings killed by the eruption in Ceren, suggesting that they had enough warning to flee. The eruption buried Ceren in a layer of ash 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) deep over a period of a few days. One of the most striking of the conclusions drawn from the Ceren site is that the people of this ancient village lived more comfortably than average Salvadorans do today. Ceren’s architecture, crafts, and agriculture were surprisingly sophisticated and varied. They ate a rich variety of foods, had spacious, well-ventilated living and working quarters, and lavishly decorated many of their ceramic items. Yet Caren was an average farming village, not a seat of the ruling class or a regional center of commerce, archaeologists said. The village of Ceren was rediscovered in 1976 when a bulldozer operator knocked into the wall of one of the structures. Grasses that made up the thatched roof of the dwelling were still preserved, leading an archaeologist to conclude that the structure was recent. After two years, anthropologist Payson D. Sheets of the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered the antiquity of the structures when he dated a sample of thatch to about 1,400 years ago. Sheets was able to survey the site for only a few years before the civil war in El Salvador made it too dangerous to continue. The archaeologists left the site, located northwest of San Salvador, the capital, in 1980 and did not return until 1989. Since then, archaeologists led by Sheets have returned each year. As of spring 1997, they had digged 12 buildings, including a community hall, living quarters, kitchens, storerooms, a religious hall, a sauna, and even a small building believed to be the workplace of a shaman (a priest who uses magic). The smallest objects of daily life were preserved, sometimes as actual organic matter such as seeds or stems, sometimes as impressions in the ash such as that of a cornstalk or a squash. By sending radar signals through the ground in order to detect buried objects, archaeologists in I994 located 22 additional structures still buried in ash. Archaeologists at the site have found the remains of animals including dogs, deer, and a duck tied to a pole. All that remains of the people of Ceren, however, are their footprints, and a few teeth, believed to have been tossed on a roof for good luck. When the teeth were found, workers told Sheets that throwing teeth on the roof is a tradition still practiced by some people in rural El Salvador today. When the author says that "Ceren’s architecture, crafts, and agriculture were surprisingly sophisticated and varied.", he means ______.
A.certainB.paintC.sailD.straight
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