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"What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops" Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufacturers and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling. The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturers’ production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock Until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk. The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer. The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which he is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler but one would still be left with his function: that of making sure that goods find their way to the people who want them. "Middleman" in the passage almost equals to all the following in meaning EXCEPT ______.
Fire InstructionThe person discovering a fire will:1. operate the nearest fire alarm;2. attack the fire with available equipment, if it is safe to do so.On hearing a fire alarm:1. those in class: will go to the assembly area under instructions given by the teacher;2. those elsewhere: will go to the assembly area by the most sensible route.Assembly area:The assembly area is the playing field which is south of the sports hall. Here names will bechecked.Procedure:1. move quickly;2. do not stop to collect your personal belongings;3. do not attempt to pass others on your way to the assembly area;4. do not use the lift.Fire alarms:Fire alarms are situated as follows:1. A BlockAt the reception desk; at east end of connecting corridor; outside the kitchen door;2. B BlockAt the bottom of both stairways and on each landing;3. C BlockInside entrance room of sports hall.Fire InstructionDiscovering a fire: the first thing to do is to operate the (1) .Hearing the fire alarm: to go to (2) .Assembly area: in south of (3) .During the fire alarm:1. Do not stop to collect your personal belongs.2. Do not pass others.3. Do not use the (4) Locations of fire alarms: if you are now in C Block, you should use the fire alarm inside (5) of sports hall. 4（）
Although "naming rights" have proliferated in American higher education for the past several decades, the phenomenon has recently expanded to extraordinary lengths. Anything to get an extra dollar out of donors is fair game. I know colleges and universities sorely need to raise funds in these times of fiscal constraints, but things have gotten a bit out of hand. Universities and colleges have long been named after donors-think of Harvard, Yale, Brown, and many others. John Harvard would hardly get a bench named after him today, given the modesty of his gift of books for the library back in the seventeenth century. Now it takes much more to get one’s name on a college. One institution, Rowan University of New Jersey, changed its name (from Glassboro State College) not long ago when a large donation was made. Buildings, too, have been affected. Traditionally, they were named after people such as distinguished scholars or visionary academic leaders; now they’re often named after big donors. Why is all of this happening now The main motivation for the naming frenzy is, of course, to raise money. Donors love to see their names, or the names of their parents or other relatives, on buildings, schools, institutions, professorships, and the like. Increasingly, corporations and other businesses also seek to benefit from having their names on educational facilities. Today, no limits seem to exist on what can be named. If something does not have a name, it is up for grabs—a staircase, a pond, or a parking garage. Once all the major facilities have titles, lesser things go on the naming auction block. Colleges and universities, public and private, are all under increased pressure to raise money, and naming brings in cash. It is unproductive. Separate branding weakens the focus and mission of an institution and perhaps even its broader reputation. It confuses the public, including potential students, and feeds the idea that the twenty-first-century university is simply a confederation of independent entrepreneurial domains. The trends we see now in the United States, and perhaps tomorrow in other countries, will inevitably weaken the concept of the university as an institution that is devoted to the search for truth and the transmission of knowledge. All this naming distracts from the mission of an institution that has almost a millennium of history and cheapens its image. It is a sad symbol indeed of the commercialization and entrepreneurialism of the contemporary university. The word "visionary" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products (51) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or (52) the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the (53) of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (54) he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can (55) to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly (56) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. (57) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (58) logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (59) to this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason costs rise as production goes up is (60) . However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, (61) competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (62) skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get (63) from other sources. This can be done by (64) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, (65) not all land is equally fertile and not all ore (矿石) is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 54().
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