Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products (51) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or (52) the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the (53) of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (54) he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can (55) to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly (56) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. (57) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (58) logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (59) to this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason costs rise as production goes up is (60) . However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, (61) competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (62) skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get (63) from other sources. This can be done by (64) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, (65) not all land is equally fertile and not all ore (矿石) is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 54().
A. that
B. why
C. what
D. if
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Walking through my train yesterday, staggering from my seat to the buffet and back, I counted five people reading Harry Potter novels. Not children-these were real grown-ups reading children’s books, Maybe that would have been understandable. If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood it would have made more sense. But they were card-carrying grown-ups with laptops and spreadsheets returning from sales meetings and seminars. Yet they chose to read a children’s book. I don’t imagine you’ll find this headcount exceptional. You can no longer get on the London Tube and not see a Harry Potter book. Nor is it just the film; these throwback readers were out there in droves long before the movie campaign opened. So who are these adult readers who have made JK Rowling the second-biggest female earner in Britain (after Madonna) As I have tramped along streets knee-deep in Harry Potter paperbacks, I’ve mentally slotted them into three groups. First come the Never-Readers, whom Harry has enticed into opening a book. Is this a bad thing Probably not. Writing has many advantages over film, but it can never compete with its magnetic punch. If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people, then this can only be for the better. If it takes obsession-level hype to lure them into a bookshop. that’s fine by me. But will they go on to read anything else Again, we can only hope. The second group are the Occasional Readers. These people claim that tiredness, work and children allow them to read only a few books a year. Yet now—to be part of the crowd, to say they’ve read it—they put Harry Potter on their oh-so-select reading list. It’s infuriating, and maddening. Yes, I’m a writer myself, currently writing difficult, unreadable, hopefully unsettling novels, but there are so many other good books out there, so much rewarding, enlightening, enlarging works of fiction for adults; and yet these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a children’s book. The third group are the Regular Readers, for whom Harry is sandwiched between McEwan (英国当代作家) and Balzac, Roth (德国现代诗人) and Dickens. This is the real baffler—what on earth do they get out of reading it Why bother But if they call rattle through it in a week just to say they ve been there—like going to Longleat (朗利特山庄英国名胜) or the Eiffel Tower—the worst they’re doing is encouraging others. The word "staggering" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. swag
B. stumble
C. astound
D. overwhelm
Walking through my train yesterday, staggering from my seat to the buffet and back, I counted five people reading Harry Potter novels. Not children-these were real grown-ups reading children’s books, Maybe that would have been understandable. If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood it would have made more sense. But they were card-carrying grown-ups with laptops and spreadsheets returning from sales meetings and seminars. Yet they chose to read a children’s book. I don’t imagine you’ll find this headcount exceptional. You can no longer get on the London Tube and not see a Harry Potter book. Nor is it just the film; these throwback readers were out there in droves long before the movie campaign opened. So who are these adult readers who have made JK Rowling the second-biggest female earner in Britain (after Madonna) As I have tramped along streets knee-deep in Harry Potter paperbacks, I’ve mentally slotted them into three groups. First come the Never-Readers, whom Harry has enticed into opening a book. Is this a bad thing Probably not. Writing has many advantages over film, but it can never compete with its magnetic punch. If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people, then this can only be for the better. If it takes obsession-level hype to lure them into a bookshop. that’s fine by me. But will they go on to read anything else Again, we can only hope. The second group are the Occasional Readers. These people claim that tiredness, work and children allow them to read only a few books a year. Yet now—to be part of the crowd, to say they’ve read it—they put Harry Potter on their oh-so-select reading list. It’s infuriating, and maddening. Yes, I’m a writer myself, currently writing difficult, unreadable, hopefully unsettling novels, but there are so many other good books out there, so much rewarding, enlightening, enlarging works of fiction for adults; and yet these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a children’s book. The third group are the Regular Readers, for whom Harry is sandwiched between McEwan (英国当代作家) and Balzac, Roth (德国现代诗人) and Dickens. This is the real baffler—what on earth do they get out of reading it Why bother But if they call rattle through it in a week just to say they ve been there—like going to Longleat (朗利特山庄英国名胜) or the Eiffel Tower—the worst they’re doing is encouraging others. The word "infuriating" underlined in Paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. vexing
B. angry
C. displeasing
D. unhappy
In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of (91) , only about half a dozen (92) the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status, and several usually (93) their way to the coast. There cause millions of dollars of (94) , and bring death to (95) numbers of people. The great storms that hit the coast start (96) innocent circling disturbances hundreds, even thousands of miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water (97) by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the (98) winds. When conditions are just (99) , warm, moist air flows in (100) the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward through it and comes out at the top. In the (101) , the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat is converted to energy in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases, the (102) hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion. The average life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost (103) power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released by a hurricane’s rainfall in a(n) (104) day would (105) the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main (106) of death and destruction in a hurricane. A(n) (107) hurricane brings 6-to 12-inch downpours (108) in sudden floods. (109) is the powerful movement of the sea-the mountains of water moving toward the low-pressure hurricane center. The water level (110) as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.
A. travel
B. lose
C. start
D. make
Walking through my train yesterday, staggering from my seat to the buffet and back, I counted five people reading Harry Potter novels. Not children-these were real grown-ups reading children’s books, Maybe that would have been understandable. If these people had jumped whole-heartedly into a second childhood it would have made more sense. But they were card-carrying grown-ups with laptops and spreadsheets returning from sales meetings and seminars. Yet they chose to read a children’s book. I don’t imagine you’ll find this headcount exceptional. You can no longer get on the London Tube and not see a Harry Potter book. Nor is it just the film; these throwback readers were out there in droves long before the movie campaign opened. So who are these adult readers who have made JK Rowling the second-biggest female earner in Britain (after Madonna) As I have tramped along streets knee-deep in Harry Potter paperbacks, I’ve mentally slotted them into three groups. First come the Never-Readers, whom Harry has enticed into opening a book. Is this a bad thing Probably not. Writing has many advantages over film, but it can never compete with its magnetic punch. If these books can re-establish the novel as a thrilling experience for some people, then this can only be for the better. If it takes obsession-level hype to lure them into a bookshop. that’s fine by me. But will they go on to read anything else Again, we can only hope. The second group are the Occasional Readers. These people claim that tiredness, work and children allow them to read only a few books a year. Yet now—to be part of the crowd, to say they’ve read it—they put Harry Potter on their oh-so-select reading list. It’s infuriating, and maddening. Yes, I’m a writer myself, currently writing difficult, unreadable, hopefully unsettling novels, but there are so many other good books out there, so much rewarding, enlightening, enlarging works of fiction for adults; and yet these sad cases are swept along by the hype, the faddism, into reading a children’s book. The third group are the Regular Readers, for whom Harry is sandwiched between McEwan (英国当代作家) and Balzac, Roth (德国现代诗人) and Dickens. This is the real baffler—what on earth do they get out of reading it Why bother But if they call rattle through it in a week just to say they ve been there—like going to Longleat (朗利特山庄英国名胜) or the Eiffel Tower—the worst they’re doing is encouraging others. What’s the bad effect of the way the Regular Readers read Harry Potter
A. It will promote too many visits to the places the book mentions.
B. It will discourage people from reading real masterpieces.
C. It will foster reading as part of a fast-food culture.
D. It will cause a confusion of faddism with classics.