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Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage. Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system. Our bodies are likely to get various diseases and it depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness. Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease. Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people. In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i.e., people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correct indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system. There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors. The study on the military school students indicated that______.
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (62) . As was discussed before, it was not (63) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (64) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (65) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (66) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (67) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (68) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in (69) . It is generally recognized, (70) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (71) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (72) its impact on the media was not immediately (73) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as (74) , with display becoming sharper and storage (75) increasing. They were thought of, like people, (76) generations, with the distance between genera-much (77) . It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the (78) within which we now live. The communications revolution has (79) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (80) views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weed (81) "harmful" outcomes: And generalizations have proved difficult.
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. Before the 1850s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students. Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of Venerable(受人尊敬的) colleges— Harvard, Yale, Columbia—and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research. At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers. According to the passage, the seminar system encouraged students to______.
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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