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Soil taxonomy is based on soil forming factors, soil formation processes and soil properties.

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The current trend of international soil classification is quantification, standardization and internationalization.

Diagnostic surface horizons locate on the uppermost layer of soil profile. The diagnostic surface horizon does not necessarily correspond exactly to the genetic layer A. It refers to the general surface layer including both the narrow sense of A layer and the AB layer (in transition from layer A to layer B) in soil formation.

Solonchak is developed under the continental monsoon conditions in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid regions. In such soils, evapotranspiration is greater than rainfall. The soluble salts usually accumulate on the surface of soil.

Brown calcic soil is distributed in the transitional zone of tropical arid steppe and desert. It has a thin brown humus layer and a grayish calcic layer. Gravels are usually present on the surface of such soils. Soil is alkaline with very little organic matter.