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Solonchak is developed under the continental monsoon conditions in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid regions. In such soils, evapotranspiration is greater than rainfall. The soluble salts usually accumulate on the surface of soil.

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Brown calcic soil is distributed in the transitional zone of tropical arid steppe and desert. It has a thin brown humus layer and a grayish calcic layer. Gravels are usually present on the surface of such soils. Soil is alkaline with very little organic matter.

Azonal soils are those which do not show zonal characteristics and maintain their own characteristics in any zone.

Vertical zonality refers to the regular distribution and succession of soil types generated by the differentiation of biological and climatic zones due to the increase of altitude.

Longitudinal zonality refers to the phenomenon that zonal soils extend along the meridian in the direction of east and west and change gradually along the latitude in the direction of north and south.