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Which of the following occasions has a formal debate?
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Reasoning from principle leads to a conclusion of probability.
Reasoning by analogy leads to a conclusion of certainty.
With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject matter and widely varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, shoot of the traditional novel. The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university dons, literary e conomists, scientists or even poets. Fatalities may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate associates. A story set in a more remote environment, African jungle, or Australian bush, ancient China or gaslit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably authentic background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modem intellectual critics and creators of significant novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from Real Life, nagging gently, we secretly revel in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human sleuth (侦探), who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent. Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who suffers from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain With the physique of wrestler. He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our calm investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation (解释) of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously(间接地). 36. The crime novel may be regarded as______ A. not a tree novel at all B.an independent development of the novel C. related in some ways to the historical novel D.a quite respectable form of the conventional novel 37. The passage suggests that intellectuals write detective stories because______ A. they enjoy writing these stories B. the stories are often in fact very instructive C. detective stories are an accepted branch of literatureD. the creation of these stories demands considerable intelligence 38. What feature of the detective story is said to disqualify it from respectful consideration by intellectual critics?______ A.The fact that the guilty are always found out and the innocent cleared. B.The lack of interest in genuine character revelations. C. The existence of a neat closely-knit story.D. The many seemingly impossible events. 39. One of the most incredible characteristics of the hero of a thriller is______ A.his exciting lifeB.his amazing toughness C. the way he deals with enemies D.his ability to escape from dangerous situations 40.In what way are the detective story and the thriller unlike?______ A. In introducing violence. B.In providing excitement and suspense. C.In ensuring that everything comes right in the end. D.In appealing to the intellectual curiosity of the reader
Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience. Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data. Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game. There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers . 31. The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is ________________ A to win the world chess champion B to pave the way for further intelligent computers C to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress 32. Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ______________ A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the game B function with complete data and beat the best players C learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game D evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time 33. For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ______________ A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiences C prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations 34. The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is__________ A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative 35. In the author’s opinion,____________ A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a game C ecological problems are more urgent to be solved D there is hope for more intelligent computers
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