题目内容

Reasoning from principle leads to a conclusion of probability.

查看答案

搜索结果不匹配？点我反馈

更多问题

Reasoning by analogy leads to a conclusion of certainty.

With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject matter and widely varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, shoot of the traditional novel. The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university dons, literary e conomists, scientists or even poets. Fatalities may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate associates. A story set in a more remote environment, African jungle, or Australian bush, ancient China or gaslit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably authentic background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modem intellectual critics and creators of significant novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from Real Life, nagging gently, we secretly revel in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human sleuth (侦探), who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent. Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who suffers from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain With the physique of wrestler. He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our calm investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation (解释) of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously(间接地). 36. The crime novel may be regarded as A. not a tree novel at all B.an independent development of the novel C. related in some ways to the historical novel D.a quite respectable form of the conventional novel 37. The passage suggests that intellectuals write detective stories because A. they enjoy writing these stories B. the stories are often in fact very instructive C. detective stories are an accepted branch of literatureD. the creation of these stories demands considerable intelligence 38. What feature of the detective story is said to disqualify it from respectful consideration by intellectual critics? A.The fact that the guilty are always found out and the innocent cleared. B.The lack of interest in genuine character revelations. C. The existence of a neat closely-knit story.D. The many seemingly impossible events. 39. One of the most incredible characteristics of the hero of a thriller is A.his exciting lifeB.his amazing toughness C. the way he deals with enemies D.his ability to escape from dangerous situations 40.In what way are the detective story and the thriller unlike?__ A. In introducing violence. B.In providing excitement and suspense. C.In ensuring that everything comes right in the end. D.In appealing to the intellectual curiosity of the reader

Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience. Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data. Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game. There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers . 31. The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __ A to win the world chess champion B to pave the way for further intelligent computers C to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress 32. Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the game B function with complete data and beat the best players C learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game D evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time 33. For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiences C prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations 34. The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative 35. In the author’s opinion, A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a game C ecological problems are more urgent to be solved D there is hope for more intelligent computers

The establishment of the Third Reich influence events in American history by starting a chain of event, which culminated in war between Germany and the United states. The complete destruction of democracy, the persecution of Jew, the war on religion, the cruelty and barbarism of the Nazis, and especially, the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of another world war. While speaking out against Hitler’s atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or loans to them. In 1937 the President was empowered to declare an arms embargo(禁运)in wars between nations at his discretion. American opinion began to change somewhat after president Roosevelt’s “quarantine the aggressor” speech at Chicago (1937) in which he severely criticized Hitler’s policies. Germany’s seizure of Austria and the Munich Pact for the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938) also aroused the American people. The conquest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 was another rude awakening to the menace of the Third Reich. In August 1939 came the shock of Nazi-Soviet Pact and in September the attack on Poland, the outbreak of European war. The United States attempted to maintain neutrality in spite of sympathy for the democracies arrayed against the Third Reich. The Neutrality Act of 1939 repealed the arms embargo and permitted “cash and carry” exports of arms to belligerent nations. A strong national defense program was begun. A draft act was passed (1940) to strengthen the military service. A Lend Lease Act (1941) authorized the President to sell, exchange, or lend materials to any country deemed necessary by him for the defense of the United States. Help was given to Britain by exchanging certain overage destroyers for the right to establish American bases in British territory in the Western Hemisphere. In August 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met and issued the Atlantic Charter that proclaimed the kind of a world which should be established after the war. In December 1941, Japan launched the uNPRovoked attack on the United States at Pearl Harbor. Immediately thereafter, Germany declared war on the United States. 26.One item occurring before 1937 that the author does not mention in his list of actions that alienated the American public was _.__ A.Nazi barbarism B.The pacts with Italy C.German plans for conquest D.The burning of the Reichstag 27.The Neutrality Act of 1939 _.____ A.restated America’s isolationist policies B.proclaimed American neutrality C.permitted the selling of arms to belligerent nations D.was a cause of our entrance into World War Ⅱ 28.An event that did not occur in 1939 was the _.____ A.invasion of Poland B.invasion of Czechoslovakia C.passing of the Neutrality Act D.establishment of the University of Leipzig in Germany 29.The Lend Lease Act was blueprinted to _.____ A.strengthen our national defense B.provide battleships to the Allies C.help the British D.promote the Atlantic Charter 30.The Neutrality Act of 1939 favored Great Britain because _.______ A.the British had command of the sea B.the law permitted us to trade only with the Allies C.it antagonized Japan D.it led to the Lend Lease Act