Zelda: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument
A. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze is inaccurate.
B. Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved.
C. No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations.
D. Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze.
E. (E) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists.
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The toxin produced by certain marine snails contains various proteins, one of which, when injected into mice, made mice aged two weeks or younger fall asleep and made older mice run for hiding places. When mice are suddenly seriously threatened, very young ones react by staying perfectly still, whereas older ones run away. The facts stated above provide the strongest support for which of the following working hypotheses
A. The reaction of mice to sudden, serious threats is triggered by a chemical produced by the body, and this chemical is similar to the protein that was injected into the mice.
B. The protein contained in snail toxin that was injected into the mice ordinarily has the primary function of protecting snails by inducing in those snails complete immobility.
C. The protein that was injected into the mice would have made the mature mice fall asleep, too, if they had been injected with larger doses.
D. Very young mice are as likely to be exposed to sudden serious threats as are older mice.
E. (E) Very young mice are not developed enough to deal appropriately with even the stimuli that they are most likely to encounter.
A placebo is a chemically inert substance prescribed more for the mental relief of a patient than for its effect on the patient’s physical disorder. It is prescribed in the hope of instilling in the patient a positive attitude toward prospects for his or her recovery. In some cases, the placebo actually produces improvement in the patient’s condition. In discussing the use and effect of placebos, a well-known medical researcher recently paid physicians the somewhat offbeat compliment of saying that physicians were the ultimate placebo. By comparing a physician to a placebo, the researcher sought to imply that
A. physicians should always maintain and communicate an optimistic attitude toward their patients, regardless of the prognosis.
B. the health of some patients can improve simply form their knowledge that they are under a physician’s care.
C. many patients actually suffer from imagined illnesses that are best treated by placebos.
D. physicians could prescribe less medication and achieve the same effect.
E. (E) it is difficult to determine what, if any, effect a physician’s behavior has on a patient’s condition.
For a local government to outlaw all strikes by its workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor disputes must then be settled by binding arbitration, without any negotiated public-sector labor settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be outlawed only for categories of public-sector workers for whose services no acceptable substitute exists. The statements above best support which of the following conclusions
A. Where public-service workers are permitted to strike, contract negotiations with those workers are typically settled without a strike.
B. Where strikes by all categories of pubic-sector workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for the services provided by any of those workers are available.
C. Binding arbitration tends to be more advantageous for public-service workers where it is the only available means of settling labor disputes with such workers.
D. Most categories of public-sector workers have no counterparts in the private sector.
E. (E) A strike by workers in a local government is unlikely to be settled without help from and arbitrator.
The efficiency of microwave ovens in destroying the harmful bacteria frequently found in common foods is diminished by the presence of salt in the food being cooked. When heated in a microwave oven, the interior of unsalted food reaches temperatures high enough to kill bacteria that cause food poisoning, but the interior of salted food does not. Scientists theorize that salt effectively blocks the microwaves from heating the interior. Which one of the following conclusions is most supported by the information above
A. The kinds of bacteria that cause food poisoning are more likely to be found on the exterior of food than in the interior of food.
B. The incidence of serious food poisoning would be significantly reduced if microwave ovens were not used by consumers to cook or reheat food.
C. The addition of salt to food that has been cooked or reheated in a microwave oven can increase the danger of food poisoning.
D. The danger of food poisoning can be lessened if salt is not used to prepare foods that are to be cooked in a microwave oven.
E. (E) Salt is the primary cause of food poisoning resulting from food that is heated in microwave ovens.
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