A placebo is a chemically inert substance prescribed more for the mental relief of a patient than for its effect on the patient’s physical disorder. It is prescribed in the hope of instilling in the patient a positive attitude toward prospects for his or her recovery. In some cases, the placebo actually produces improvement in the patient’s condition. In discussing the use and effect of placebos, a well-known medical researcher recently paid physicians the somewhat offbeat compliment of saying that physicians were the ultimate placebo. By comparing a physician to a placebo, the researcher sought to imply that
A. physicians should always maintain and communicate an optimistic attitude toward their patients, regardless of the prognosis.
B. the health of some patients can improve simply form their knowledge that they are under a physician’s care.
C. many patients actually suffer from imagined illnesses that are best treated by placebos.
D. physicians could prescribe less medication and achieve the same effect.
E. (E) it is difficult to determine what, if any, effect a physician’s behavior has on a patient’s condition.
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For a local government to outlaw all strikes by its workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor disputes must then be settled by binding arbitration, without any negotiated public-sector labor settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be outlawed only for categories of public-sector workers for whose services no acceptable substitute exists. The statements above best support which of the following conclusions
A. Where public-service workers are permitted to strike, contract negotiations with those workers are typically settled without a strike.
B. Where strikes by all categories of pubic-sector workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for the services provided by any of those workers are available.
C. Binding arbitration tends to be more advantageous for public-service workers where it is the only available means of settling labor disputes with such workers.
D. Most categories of public-sector workers have no counterparts in the private sector.
E. (E) A strike by workers in a local government is unlikely to be settled without help from and arbitrator.
The efficiency of microwave ovens in destroying the harmful bacteria frequently found in common foods is diminished by the presence of salt in the food being cooked. When heated in a microwave oven, the interior of unsalted food reaches temperatures high enough to kill bacteria that cause food poisoning, but the interior of salted food does not. Scientists theorize that salt effectively blocks the microwaves from heating the interior. Which one of the following conclusions is most supported by the information above
A. The kinds of bacteria that cause food poisoning are more likely to be found on the exterior of food than in the interior of food.
B. The incidence of serious food poisoning would be significantly reduced if microwave ovens were not used by consumers to cook or reheat food.
C. The addition of salt to food that has been cooked or reheated in a microwave oven can increase the danger of food poisoning.
D. The danger of food poisoning can be lessened if salt is not used to prepare foods that are to be cooked in a microwave oven.
E. (E) Salt is the primary cause of food poisoning resulting from food that is heated in microwave ovens.
The mind and the immune system have been shown to be intimately linked, and scientists are consistently finding that doing good deeds benefits one’s immune system. The bone marrow and spleen, which produce the white blood cells needed to fight infection, are both connected by neural pathways to the brain. Recent research has shown that the activity of these white blood cells is stimulated by beneficial chemicals produced by the brain as a result of magnanimous behavior. The statements above, if true, support the view that
A. good deeds must be based on unselfish motives.
B. lack of magnanimity is the cause of most serious illnesses.
C. magnanimous behavior can be regulated by the presence or absence of certain chemicals in the brain.
D. magnanimity is beneficial to one’s own interests.
E. (E) the number of white blood cells will increase radically if behavior is consistently magnanimous.
Until recently, anthropologists generally agreed that higher primates originated about 30 million years ago in the A1 Fayyum region of Egypt. However, a 40-million-year-old fossilized fragment of a lower jawbone discovered in Burma (now called Myanmar) in 1978 was used to support the theory that the earliest higher primates originated in Burma. However, the claim is premature for______. Which one of the following, if true, is the most logical completion of the paragraph above
A. there are no more primate species in Burma than there are in Egypt
B. several anthropologists using different dating methods, independently confirmed the estimated age of the jawbone fragment
C. higher primates cannot be identified solely by their lower jawbones
D. several prominent anthropologists do not believe that higher primates could have originated in either Egypt or Burma
E. (E) other archaeological expeditions in Burma have unearthed higher-primate fossilized bone fragments that are clearly older than 40 million years
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