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People with disabilities comprise a large part of the population. It is 62 that over 35 million Americans have physical, 63 , or other disabilities. About half of these disabilities are "developmental", i.e., they 64 prior to the individual’s twenty second birthday, often from genetic conditions, and are 65 enough to affect three or more areas of development, such as mobility, communication, employment, etc. Most other disabilities are considered "adventitious", i.e., 66 or caused by outside forces. Prior to the 20th century, only a small percent age of people with disabilities 67 for long. Medical treatment for these disabilities was 68 Advancements in medicine and social services have 69 a climate in which people with disabilities can expect to have such basic needs as food, shelter, and medical treatment. 70 , these basics are often not available. 71 liberties such as the right to vote, marry, get an education, and gain employment have historically been 72 on the basis of disability. In recent decades, the disability rights movement has been organized to fight 73 these infringements (侵害) of civil right. Congress responded by passing major 74 recognizing people with disabilities 75 a protected class under civil rights statutes. 76 today, people with disabilities must fight to live their lives independently. It is estimated that more than half of qualified Americans with disabilities are unemployed, and a 77 of those who do work are underemployed. About two-thirds live at or below the official poverty level. Significant barriers, especially in transportation and public 78 , prevent disabled people from taking part in society. For example, while no longer 79 by law from marrying, a person with no 80 to transportation is effectively excluded from community and social activities Which might lead to the development of long-term relationships. It will only be when public attitude advance as far as laws have 81 disabled people will be fully able to take their rightful place in society.
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The fridge’s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.()
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. Electricity was born at the dawn of the last century. From then on, households have been inundated with a flood of home electric goods. What is the impact of this home electric goods revolution It is argued here that the home electric goods revolution may liberate women from the home. And it is true that many households never hesitate a second to adopt this new technology or that, however, in fact many of the home electric goods which are advertised as liberating the modem woman tend to have the opposite effect, because they simply change the nature of work instead of eliminating it. Machines have a certain novelty value, like toys for adults. It is certainly less tiring to put clothes in a washing machine, but the time saved does not really amount to much the machine has to be watched, the clothes have to be carefully sorted out first, stains removed by hand, buttons pushed and water changed, clothes taken out, aired and ironed. It would be more liberating to pack it all off to a laundry and not necessarily more expensive, since no capital in vestment is required. Similarly, if you really want to save time, you do not make cakes with an electric mixer, you buy one in a shop. If one compares the image of the woman in the women’s magazine with the goods advertised by those periodicals, one realizes how useful a projected image can be commercially. A carefulbalance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving device, follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next page; on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job, but in stead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasizing the creative aspect of her function as a housewife. So we get cake mixes (蛋糕粉) in which the cook simply adds an egg herself, to pro duce "that lovely homo-baked flavor the family love", and knitting patterns that can be made by hand, or worse still, on knitting machines, which became tremendously fashionable when they were first introduced. Automatic cookers are advertised by pictures of pretty young mothers taking their children to the park, not by professional women presetting the dinner before leaving home for work. The goods advertised in women’s magazines are really meant to ______.
W: Hi, Jim. I haven’t seen you for a few weeks.M: Oh, hi, Mary. (9)I have been studying a lot for my final exam.W: Well, this semester is about over now.M: Yeah. (8)My brother is coming for a visit this summer, and we’d like to see some of the country, but traveling is so expensive.W: Have you thought about campingM: Camping I’ve never done that.W: I think you’ll really like it. (10)You can rent the equipment you need.M: Is it cheapW: Yeah, much cheaper than buying or staying at the hotel.M: Good idea. Here is my bus. I’ll talk to you about this again and get all the details. What is Jim going to do this summer().
A happy marriage apparently is good medicine, but hostile spouses may be harmful to one another’s health. Couples in (36) marriages take longer than the happily married to heal from all kinds of wounds, from minor scrapes or (37) injuries to major surgery, suggests a study over the weekend. And the health toll taken by a stressful job seems to be (38) when the worker has a pleasurable home life. This new research, reported at an American Psychosomatic Society meeting, adds to growing evidence that marriage has an (39) on health. In the wound healing study, 42 couples agreed to let researchers use a suction (40) to create several minor blister wounds on their skin in two (41) about two months apart. The first time, couples were told to discuss a (42) topic; the next time they were given half an hour to (43) an issue or two on which they disagreed. Their discussions were monitored. Researchers also (44) . The outcome: "Even a simple discussion of a disagreement slows wound healing," says psychologist Janice Kieeolt-Glaser, who did the study with co author Ronald Glaser of Ohio State University College of Medicine. Overall, (45) . Hostile couples—peppering both discussions with criticism, sarcasm and put-downs—healed the slowest. It took them 40% longer, or two more days, to heal, and they also produced less of the proteins linked to healing. (46) , Kiecoh-Glaser adds. "Such stress before surgery matters greatly," she says, and the effect could apply to healing from any injury.
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