There are differed signaling mechanisms found in cells. Which of the following are correctly paired?
A. gap junction - intravenous communication
B. endocrine - substrate communication
C. synaptic - neural communication
D. receptor - communication using hormones
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In animal cells that lack the ability to produce GTP, what is the correct result for this signaling system?
A. It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
B. It could activate only the epinephrine system.
C. It would be able to carry out reception and transduction but would not be able to respond to a signal.
D. It would use ATP instead of GTP to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
What is protein kinase, and what is its role in routes of transduction of chemical signals?
A. It is an enzyme that is embedded in plasma membrane that converts ATP in response to a signal.
B. It transfers a phosphate from ATP to a protein activating that protein.
C. It removes phosphates from proteins during dephosphorylation which stops the cell signaling.
D. It attaches sugar molecules into multiple compounds that the cell is able to use.
Many signaling pathways involve small signals, called messengers. Earl Sutherland discovered a messenger which transmits signal from plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. What are the messengers called?
A. cAMP
B. adenylyl
C. rAMP
D. calcium ions
Majority of the water soluble signal molecules bind to specific sites on the receptor proteins that are embedded into the plasma membrane. A receptor transmits information from the environment to the inside of the cell by changing shape or when binding to a specific ligand, or the molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, binds to it. Which of the following is not one of the three major types of membrane receptors?
A. ion channel receptors
B. G-protein-linked receptors
C. active receptor relay proteins
D. receptor tyrosine kinases
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