题目内容

What is protein kinase, and what is its role in routes of transduction of chemical signals?

A. It is an enzyme that is embedded in plasma membrane that converts ATP in response to a signal.
B. It transfers a phosphate from ATP to a protein activating that protein.
C. It removes phosphates from proteins during dephosphorylation which stops the cell signaling.
D. It attaches sugar molecules into multiple compounds that the cell is able to use.

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Many signaling pathways involve small signals, called messengers. Earl Sutherland discovered a messenger which transmits signal from plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. What are the messengers called?

A. cAMP
B. adenylyl
C. rAMP
D. calcium ions

Majority of the water soluble signal molecules bind to specific sites on the receptor proteins that are embedded into the plasma membrane. A receptor transmits information from the environment to the inside of the cell by changing shape or when binding to a specific ligand, or the molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, binds to it. Which of the following is not one of the three major types of membrane receptors?

A. ion channel receptors
B. G-protein-linked receptors
C. active receptor relay proteins
D. receptor tyrosine kinases

There are three stages of cellular communication. They are reception, transduction, and response. During which stage are the signal molecules binding to proteins in the cell membrane causing the protein to change shape?

A. reception and response
B. transduction
C. response
D. reception

There are two major participants in every cell communication activity. The one that is giving communication, and the one that receives communication. Some also communicate through direct and indirect contact, which is also called local and long-distance signaling. Which of the following is an example of long-distance signaling occurring in the body?

A. paracrine signaling
B. systematic signaling
C. synaptic signaling
D. hormonal signaling