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Three factors contribute to the miraculous spread of English (31) an international language: English usage in science, technology and commerce; the ability to (32) vocabulary from other languages; and the acceptability of various English dialects. In science, English (33) German after World War II. With this technical and scientific dominance (34) the beginning of overall dominance by the language, (35) in Europe and then globally. Today, the information (36) has replaced the industrial age and has (37) time and distance. This is transforming world economies from industrial production to information-based goods and services. (38) geography and borders, the information revolution is reflecting our world. In less than twenty years, information processing, (39) limited to the printed work, has given way to computers and the Internet. Computer-aided communication is closing the gap between spoken and written English. It encourages more (40) conversational language and a tolerance for diversity and individual style. English, (41) many languages, uses a phonetic alphabet and fairly basic grammar. But most importantly, it has a large and extensive vocabulary, (42) about 80% is foreign. It has borrowed and continues to borrow words from Spanish and French, Hebrew and Arabic, Hindi-Urdu and Bengali, Malay and Chinese, (43) from languages from West Africa and Polynesia. This language characteristic makes it unique (44) history. Finally, (45) English language central authority guards the standards of the language; therefore, many (46) have developed: American, British, Canadian, Indian, and Australian, (47) a few. There is no standard pronunciation. But within this diversity is a (48) of grammar and one set of core vocabulary. (49) , each country that speaks the language can introduce (50) of its own culture into the usage and vocabulary.
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Just as Roman gladiators drank the blood of foes to gain strength, modem Olympians have infused the blood of their own to gain endurance. Blood doping, which tainted the triumphs of some Olympians, has at last been banned. Blood doping, in short, means withdrawal of one unit of a little more of blood from an athlete’s system about four to six weeks before a competition. The blood is then stored in a frozen state while the body replenished the lost blood through natural processes. The extracted blood is unfrozen and then pumped back into the athlete’s system just before the competition. This increases the body’s hemoglobin count, hereby increasing the capacity for oxygen delivery and raising the level of endurance. A recent colloquium on the ethics of blood doping, summarized in The Physician and Sports Medicine, cited eases of runners getting blood transfusions so they could run fast enough to qualify for Boston Marathon and of blood doping in dog and horse racing. Blood doping may be surprisingly common among world-class endurance athletes, especially cyclists and runners. Blood doping is cheating and it is now banned by the International Olympic Committee, but it is still impossible to test, and till sure checks are found, one can only count on the personal ethics of the sportspersons concerned. Does blood doping really work Buick et al. and Williams et al. have made some studies in the laboratory. In one study, 11 highly trained male track athletes underwent extensive treadmill testing before and alter phlebotomy with re-infusion of 900mi of antilogous freeze-preserved red cells. The blood doping increased the mean hemoglobin concentration 8% (from 15.1% to 16.3% gnm/100ml) , maximal oxygen consumption 5% , and running time to exhaustion 35%. In another study, 12 experienced male distance runners who received 920ml of antilogous blood had a mean 7% increase in hemoglobin concentration and a mean 45-second improvement in time on a 5-mile treadmill run, compared with results after they received 920m1 saline. In the third study, 9 male college students who received two units antilogous blood had a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration and maximal oxygen consumption on a cycle ergo-meter. It is reasonable to conclude that blood doping does work when properly performed in the laboratory. But does it work in the field The problem in determining if blood doping works in the field is that almost all the reports are anecdotal. Whether it works or not, blood doping as it was done for the U.S. Olympic cyclists is to be condemned. Three of the cyclists developed flu-like symptoms 36 hours after transfusion, and one of them, when asked about blood doping, said, "Yeah, I did it. I got sick and it ruined me for the Olympics." To be sure, some of the cyclists who blood-doped won medals, but so did some who refused blood doping. Likewise, not all Olympians who admitted to blood doping were medal winners: an Italian runner who blood-doped for the marathon said he ran poorly and the national cross-country team alleged to have blood-doped ran poorly. In short, one cannot tell from anecdotal reports whether or not blood doping works in the field. The author develops the idea that blood doping works in the laboratory by
Now, more than ever, it doesn’t matter who you are but what you look like. Janet was just twenty-five years old. She had a great job and seemed happy. She committed suicide. In her suicide note she wrote that she felt "un-pretty" and that no man ever loved her. Amy was just fifteen when hospitalized for eating disorders. She suffered from both anorexia and bulimia. She lost more than one hundred pounds in two months. Both victims battled problems with their body image and physical appearance. "Oh, I am too fat." "My butt is too big and my breast is too small." "I hate my body and I feel ugly." "I want to be beautiful." The number of men and women who feel these things about themselves is increasing dramatically. I can identify two main categories of body-image problems: additive versus subtractive. Those who enhance their appearance through cosmetic surgery fall into the additive group; those who hope to improve their looks through starvation belong to the subtractive category. Both groups have two things in common: they are never satisfied and are always obsessed. Eating disorders afflict as many as five to ten million women and one million men in the United States. One out of four female college students suffer from an eating disorder. But why Card Kirby, a mental health counselor of Nebraska university, says that body image and eating disorders are continuum addictions in which individuals seek to discover their identities. The idea that we should look a certain way and possess a certain shape is instilled in us at a very early age. Young girls not only play with Barbie dolls that display impossible, even comical, proportions, but they are also bombarded with images as well," We immediately identify physical attractiveness to mean success and happiness." The media can be blamed for contributing to various body image illnesses. We cannot walk into a bookstore without being exposed to perfect male and female bodies on the covers of magazines. We see such images every day--on commercials, billboards, on television, and in movies. These images continually remind women and young girls that if you want to be happy you must be beautiful, and if you want to be beautiful you must be thin. This ideal may be the main objective of the fashion, cosmetic, diet, fitness, and plastic surgery industries that stand to make millions from body-image anxiety. But does it work for us Are women who lose weight in order to be toothpick thin really happy Are women who have had breast implants really happy What truly defines a person Is it his or her physical appearance or is it character Beauty is supposed to be "skin deep". But we can all be beautiful inside. People are killing themselves for unrealistic physical standards dictated by our popular culture. We need to be made more aware of this issue. To be celebrity-thin is not to be beautiful nor happy. It can also be unattractive. Individuals who are obsessed with their bodies are only causing damage to themselves and their loved ones. But as long as the media maintain their message that "Thin is in. ",then the medical and psychological problems our society faces will continue to grow. Which of the following is NOT the cause of body-image anxiety in the author’s eyes
Now, more than ever, it doesn’t matter who you are but what you look like. Janet was just twenty-five years old. She had a great job and seemed happy. She committed suicide. In her suicide note she wrote that she felt "un-pretty" and that no man ever loved her. Amy was just fifteen when hospitalized for eating disorders. She suffered from both anorexia and bulimia. She lost more than one hundred pounds in two months. Both victims battled problems with their body image and physical appearance. "Oh, I am too fat." "My butt is too big and my breast is too small." "I hate my body and I feel ugly." "I want to be beautiful." The number of men and women who feel these things about themselves is increasing dramatically. I can identify two main categories of body-image problems: additive versus subtractive. Those who enhance their appearance through cosmetic surgery fall into the additive group; those who hope to improve their looks through starvation belong to the subtractive category. Both groups have two things in common: they are never satisfied and are always obsessed. Eating disorders afflict as many as five to ten million women and one million men in the United States. One out of four female college students suffer from an eating disorder. But why Card Kirby, a mental health counselor of Nebraska university, says that body image and eating disorders are continuum addictions in which individuals seek to discover their identities. The idea that we should look a certain way and possess a certain shape is instilled in us at a very early age. Young girls not only play with Barbie dolls that display impossible, even comical, proportions, but they are also bombarded with images as well," We immediately identify physical attractiveness to mean success and happiness." The media can be blamed for contributing to various body image illnesses. We cannot walk into a bookstore without being exposed to perfect male and female bodies on the covers of magazines. We see such images every day--on commercials, billboards, on television, and in movies. These images continually remind women and young girls that if you want to be happy you must be beautiful, and if you want to be beautiful you must be thin. This ideal may be the main objective of the fashion, cosmetic, diet, fitness, and plastic surgery industries that stand to make millions from body-image anxiety. But does it work for us Are women who lose weight in order to be toothpick thin really happy Are women who have had breast implants really happy What truly defines a person Is it his or her physical appearance or is it character Beauty is supposed to be "skin deep". But we can all be beautiful inside. People are killing themselves for unrealistic physical standards dictated by our popular culture. We need to be made more aware of this issue. To be celebrity-thin is not to be beautiful nor happy. It can also be unattractive. Individuals who are obsessed with their bodies are only causing damage to themselves and their loved ones. But as long as the media maintain their message that "Thin is in. ",then the medical and psychological problems our society faces will continue to grow. With the two stories in Para. 2, the author explains
Why do adults believe that alcoholic awareness programs teach young people not to overdrink Recently, reading an article about the alcohol-induced deaths of two students from two different universities in Colorado, I came across a theme on teen drinking applicable to parents, school administration, and local government: they just don’t get it. To use a pun by New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, who changes WMD to PMD (people of mass destruction), I call much of the adult generation PMNs--people of mass naivete. I say this because adults seem to believe that no child of theirs would touch alcohol before 21. Since that’s unrealistic ,the issue should be: how can kids learn to drink responsibly The answer: by practising. Like figuring out how to throw a baseball, a person needs to learn by trial and error. Now, I am not proposing that underage kids should have access to alcohol at all times, but they will never know when they have reached their limit without drinking alcohol first. Trust me, we feel when we have surpassed our limit. It has often been stressed to my generation that there should always be a designated driver who does not drink. But, realistically, when people go to a bar, are they not supposed to drink My friend, a willing designated driver, was asked by a friend on the bar why he did not have a drink in his hand. He responded, "I am driving. ’ She then repeated her question while laughing. In other words, college students face intense pressure to drink when they are out socially, even though some manage to withstand it. The solution I propose is two-fold. First, to parents: if you have children in high school, understand that your kids will drink at parties. Despite the legal drinking age, they will find a way to obtain beer or liquor. While you are home drinking this holiday season, have a drink with your kids and their friends, or at the very least, allow them to have a drink. Ensure they are safe, but also guarantee that they know what they are doing. Please introduce them to alcohol before they go off to college so that, on the first weekend, they don’t drink themselves into the ER. They do this not because they want to drink to get drunk, but because they do not know any better. Second, to lawmakers: how are teenagers supposed to learn to drink responsibly when they cannot even drink legally with their parents Having a drink with your parents at a restaurant is a much more adult experience than drinking with them at home. The truth of the matter is that almost all underage drinking is done outside the home, in social circles. So lawmakers should make an exception and allow teenagers ,who are one or two years under the drinking age and accompanied by their parents, to have a drink at a restaurant. Most of us live in an environment that is geared toward drinking and overdrinking, and adults must face this truth. If they do not wake up and see reality, their kids one morning might not wake up from a night of drinking. Which of the following statements can NOT be inferred from this passage
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