Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his product and the products (19) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or below the market price. However, in considering the price, be must take cost of production (20) . There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (21) a short time. However, no business person can (22) lose money for a prolonged (延长的) period. He must (23) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that (24) production increases, costs per unit decrease. (25) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (26) logic and practical experience have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (27) this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason why (28) rise as production goes up is complex. However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, resulting (29) competitive bidding (出价) in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (30) skilled labour to produce more, and none of this labour is unemployed, the producer will have to get (31) from other sources. This can be done by (32) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labour is equally productive, (33) not all land is equally fertile (肥沃的) and not all ore is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 27()
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ALittle wonder that affluent shoppers come in droves. Little wonder that others come as well, mugger, car thieves, child molesters, drug peddlers, pickpockets, shoplifters.Criminals are finding a lucrative stamping ground in the sprawling emporiums that dot U. S suburbs."Malls are like great big jars of honey," says Police Chief Joseph Delaney of Paramus. "Lots of bees come buzzing in, stingers at the ready." Paramus, a New York City suburb of 26000 whose six malls draw nearly 200 000 people on a typical Saturday, reported 8.9 million dollars in shopping enter crime losses last year.BIt is crimes of violence that are causing the most alarm.Vast parking lots and mazes of stores offer good working conditions for criminals. Victims and booty are readily accessible, escape routes plentiful.CJust how many victims are claimed by shopping enter crime, no one knows. But many business people are taking the threat seriously.Whether offences are big or small, it is clear that merchants have little interest in publicizing the trend. Comments Anthony Potter, a security consultant: "If shopping centres started reporting all the crimes that take place, nobody would shop there."DHamilton, Ohio, lawyer David Green, who won 2 million dollars on behalf of a woman abducted from a mall parking lot and shot in the head, found that 43 serious crimes had occurred at the same site. "Bad guys know this is where to find women with money—vulnerable and alone. "he says. Indeed, most violence happens in parking areas, where shoppers can easily be taken by surprise. Reports Albert Sussman of the International Council of Shopping Centres: "People park their cars and are robbed by muggers, who can quickly find a place to hide.\ Many crimes happen at the same place.()
A Brief History of CokeNowadays, Coca-Cola’s trademark is well known around the world and its products average a staggering 400 million servings per day in more than 155 countries. According to legend, it began in a three-legged kettle in the back yard of Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Styth Permberton who carried a jug of his concoction down the street to Jacob’s Pharmacyy where it was sold at the soda fountain for 5 cents a glass. Frank Robinson, Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper thought two "C"s would look good in advertising and wrote "Coca-Cola" in the flowering script so famous today.It is significant that Permberton spent almost twice as much money on advertising during the first years of operation as he made in profits, for the growth of Coke’s popularity is as much due to the advertising and marketing strategy as it is to the quality of its product. By continually monitoring changes in consumer attitudes and behaviour, the Coca-Cola Co. has become a widely recognized leader in advertising.Pemberton could not foresee the greatest future awaiting his soft drink and sold out. Asa Griggs Candler bought the business and organized the Coca-Cola Co. into a Georgia corporation. In 1893, he registered Co ca-Cola as a trademark.Under Candler’s leadership, the company began to grow quickly. In order to instigate a demand for the product, he spent heavily on advertising. Signs were put up from coast and appeared on calendars, serving trays and other merchandising items, urging people to drink Coke. Candler’s campaign paid off.Candler was a creative talent at advertising, but showed little imagination in understanding Coke’s marketing potential. In 1899, he sold the right to bottle Coke throughout most of the United State for $1, which he never bothered to collect. Candler saw Coke primarily as a soda-fountain drink. But two far-sighted businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin Franklin Thomas and Joseph Brown Whitehead, understood the potential, and, for the unpaid dollar, bought a franchise that became worth millions.Their agreement with Candler began the franchising bottling system that still remains the foundation of the Co ca-Cola Co.’s soft drink operations. Thomas and Whitehead sold the rights to bottle Coke to franchisers in every part of the country in return for the bottler’s agreement to invest in the necessary resources and effort to make the franchise a success. During the following decade, 779 bottling plants went into operation.In the early 20th century, Coke blazed the advertising trail, developing innovative concepts that became accepted practices in the filed. One of the most effective was the distribution and redemption of complimentary tickets, entitling the holder to a glass of free Coke at the soda fountain of a dispenser. All of the following were the company’s successful examples of advertising except that ().
A. the company distributed complimentary tickets for people to drink a glass of Coke free of change
B. the company flew an airship over WashingtonD.C with a huge Coke sign on its side
C. the company sold the rights to bottle coke to franchisers in every part of the united States
D. the company set up along Pennsylvania Railroad line huge animated signs that showed a young man drawing a glass of coke from a crockery urn
A Brief History of CokeNowadays, Coca-Cola’s trademark is well known around the world and its products average a staggering 400 million servings per day in more than 155 countries. According to legend, it began in a three-legged kettle in the back yard of Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Styth Permberton who carried a jug of his concoction down the street to Jacob’s Pharmacyy where it was sold at the soda fountain for 5 cents a glass. Frank Robinson, Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper thought two "C"s would look good in advertising and wrote "Coca-Cola" in the flowering script so famous today.It is significant that Permberton spent almost twice as much money on advertising during the first years of operation as he made in profits, for the growth of Coke’s popularity is as much due to the advertising and marketing strategy as it is to the quality of its product. By continually monitoring changes in consumer attitudes and behaviour, the Coca-Cola Co. has become a widely recognized leader in advertising.Pemberton could not foresee the greatest future awaiting his soft drink and sold out. Asa Griggs Candler bought the business and organized the Coca-Cola Co. into a Georgia corporation. In 1893, he registered Co ca-Cola as a trademark.Under Candler’s leadership, the company began to grow quickly. In order to instigate a demand for the product, he spent heavily on advertising. Signs were put up from coast and appeared on calendars, serving trays and other merchandising items, urging people to drink Coke. Candler’s campaign paid off.Candler was a creative talent at advertising, but showed little imagination in understanding Coke’s marketing potential. In 1899, he sold the right to bottle Coke throughout most of the United State for $1, which he never bothered to collect. Candler saw Coke primarily as a soda-fountain drink. But two far-sighted businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin Franklin Thomas and Joseph Brown Whitehead, understood the potential, and, for the unpaid dollar, bought a franchise that became worth millions.Their agreement with Candler began the franchising bottling system that still remains the foundation of the Co ca-Cola Co.’s soft drink operations. Thomas and Whitehead sold the rights to bottle Coke to franchisers in every part of the country in return for the bottler’s agreement to invest in the necessary resources and effort to make the franchise a success. During the following decade, 779 bottling plants went into operation.In the early 20th century, Coke blazed the advertising trail, developing innovative concepts that became accepted practices in the filed. One of the most effective was the distribution and redemption of complimentary tickets, entitling the holder to a glass of free Coke at the soda fountain of a dispenser. John Styth Pemberton and Asa Griggs Candler were alike in the respect that both of them ().
A. had a doctor’s degree
B. were too short-sighted to see Coke’s marketing potential
C. Sold their business in order to raise money
D. used money in a wasteful way
Investment Analysts WantedA Fund Management and subsidiary of a prestigious Investment Bankseeks bright young Investment Analysts to augment its rapidly expanding research34. department. Our client is a top US institution with significant funds under35. management from world-wide. Increasingly it is seeking to manage the European36. component of its portfolio from London. This has been let to an impressive rise in37. its profile in European markets. The Bank is looking for talented and ambitious38. Investment Analysts to form a new specialist research team. Investment Analysts39. who perform rigorous and detailed investigation into companies and securities40. before making recommendations to those Fund Managers. Ideally, you will have41. excellent academic credentials and a solid professional with grounding in42. analytical techniques. Particularly useful would be training in an accountancy.43. an MBA or a legal qualification. Excellent communication in skills are required. For an initial,44. confidential conversation contact45. the Bank’s Personnel Manager directly. 38()