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Passage Three
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Passage Three
Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (61) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (62) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(63) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (64) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments. (65) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (21) , the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (22) to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (23) the ease may be; they are often slightly annoyed (24) being classified as "English".Even in England there are many (25) in regional character and speech. The chief (26) is between southern England and northern England. South of a (27) going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (28) there are local variations.Further north regional speech is usually " (29) " than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (30) to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (31) . They are open-hearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (32) . Northerners generally have hearty (33) . the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (34) at meal times.In accent and character the people of the Midlands (35) a gradual change from southern to the northern type of Englishman.In Scotland the sound (36) by the letter "R" is generally a strong sound, and "R’ often pronounced in words in which it would be (37) in southern English. The Scots said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (38) inventive and somewhat mystical. the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (39) being more "fiery" than the English. They are (40) a race that is quite distinct from English. 24().
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