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It is estimated that some seven hundred million people--about half of the world’s population are unable to read and write, and there are probably two hundred and fifty million more people whose level of attainment is so slight that it barely outlives a literacy.Recently the attack on illiteracy (文盲) has been stepped up . A world plan has been drawn up by a committee of UNESCO experts in Paris, as part of the United Nations Development Decade, and an international conference on the subject has the aim. People must learn the basic skills of responsible citizenship: the ability to read notices, newspapers, timetables, letters, pricelists, to keep simple records and accounts, to sort out the significance of the information gathered, and to fill informs.The major areas of illiteracy are in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. In Africathere are at least one hundred million illiterates, compromising(牵连) eighty to eighty-five per cent of the total population. In Europe the figure is about twenty-four million, most of them in Southern Europe, with Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Yugoslavia heading tl ,c list (the United Kingdom has about seven hundred thousand). The author implies that this world plan is to ().
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It is said that George Washington was one of the first to realize how important the building of canals would be to the nation’s development. In fact, before he became President, he headed the first company in the United States to build a canal which was to connect the Ohio and Potomac rivers. It was never completed, but it showed the nation the feasibility of canals. As the country expanded westward, settlers in western New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio needed a means to ship goods. Canals linking natural waterways seemed to offer an effective solution. In 1791 engineers commissioned by the state of New York investigated the possibility of a canal between Albany on the Hudson River and Buffalo on Lake Erie, which would link the Great Lakes area with the Atlantic seacoast. It would avoid the mountains that served as a barrier to canals from the Delaware and Potomac rivers. The first attempt to dig the canal, to be called the Erie Canal, was made by private companies, but only a comparatively small portion was built before the project was halted for lack of funds. The cost of the project was an estimated five million dollars, an enormous amount for those days. There was some on-again-off-again Federal funding, but the War of 1812 put an end to this. In 1817 DeWitt Clinton was elected Governor of New York and persuaded the state to finance and build the canal. It was completed in 1825, costing two million dollars more than expected. The canal rapidly lived up to its sponsors’ faith, quickly paying for itself through tolls. It was far more economical than any other form of transportation at the time. It permitted trade between the Great Lake region and East Coast, robbing the Mississippi River of much of its traffic. It allowed New York to supplant Boston, Philadelphia, and other Eastern cities as the chief center of both domestic and foreign commerce. Cities sprang up along the canal. It also contributed in a number of ways to the North’s victory over the South in the Civil War. An expansion of the canal was planned in 1849. Increased traffic would undoubtedly have warranted its construction had it not been for the development of the railroads. Wiry does the author most likely mention George Washington in the first paragraph
Many people like to decorate their houses at Christmas time. They decorate the inside of the house and the outside, too. Inside they usually decorate a Christmas tree and the fire-place, if there is one. Outside they place wreaths, ribbons, and colored lights on the door and windows. If there is a tree in front of their house, they place colored lights on it, too.In New York, there is a very tall, beautifully decorated Christmas tree in Rockefeller Center at Christmas time. In Washington, there is also a big decorated tree in front of the White House. People come from many cities to admire the trees and the gaily decorated shop windows on the principal avenues of large cities. What is the text about().
Thousands of teachers at the elementary, secondary, and college levels can testify that their students’ writing exhibits a tendency toward a superficiality that wasn’t seen, say 10 or 15 years ago. It shows up not only in their lack of analytical skills, but in poor command of grammar and rhetoric. I’ ye been asked by a graduate student what a semicolon is. The mechanics of the English language have been tortured to pieces by’ TV. Visual, moving images—which are the venue of television—can’t be held in the net of careful language. They want to break out. They really have nothing to do with language, grammar, and rhetoric, and they have become fractured. Recent surveys by dozens of organizations also suggest that up to 40% of the American public is functionally illiterate. That is, our citizens’ reading and writing abilities, if they have any, are impaired so seriously as to render them, in that handy jargon of our times, dysfunctional. The reading is taught - TV teaches people not to read. It renders them incapable of engaging in an activity that now is perceived as strenuous, because it is not a passive hypnotized state. Passive as it is, television has invaded our culture so completely that the medium’s effects are evident in every quarter, even the literary world. It shows up in supermarket paperbacks, from Stephen King (who has a certain clever skill) to pulp fiction. These really are forms of verbal TV-literature that is so superficial that those who read it can revel in the same sensations they experience when watching television. Even more importantly, the growing influence of television, Kernan says, has changed people’s habits and values and affected their assumptions about the world. The sort of reflective, critical, and value laden thinking encouraged by books has been rendered obsolete. In this context, we would do well to recall the Cyclops— the race of giants that, according to Greek myth, predated man. Quite literally, TV affects the way people think. In Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television, Jerry Mander quotes from the Emery Report, prepared by the Center for Continuing Education at the Australian National University, Canberra, that, when we watch television, "our usual processes of thinking and discern ment are semi-functional at best." The study also argues that, "while television appears to have the potential to provide useful information to viewers—and is celebrated for its educational function—the technology of television and the inherent nature of the viewing experience actually inhibit learning as we usually think of it.\ TV affects people’s_____according to the passage.
W: The company is going to recruit some people.M: Really Are there any vacant positionsW: Yes. The position of senior secretary had fallen vacant.M: What happened to Kitty She was an excellent senior secretary.W: She has just got married. And she wants to be a full-time housewife. So she left.Mi What a pity! Do you have any idea who will be the new senior secretaryW: Not yet. The company has advertised the position.M: What qualifications are neededW: A female graduate from the secretary college with a good knowledge of English.M: A graduate does not always make an qualified employee. What qualifications are needed for this job().
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