题目内容
This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldn't think so if you could hear what the average men think of the average women. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, biter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. Hearing some men talk, you'd think that women belong to a different species. On the surface, the comments made by men about women's abilities seem light-heartiness does not conceal the real contempt (轻视) that men feel for women. However much men sneer at women, their claims to superiority are not borne out by statistics. We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men. They are too careful and responsible to drive like menaces. But this is a minor quibble (双关语). Women have succeeded in any job you care to name. As politicians, soldiers, doctors, bus-conductors, scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame. And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children.
Which of the following statements in true？
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【C4】
A．In email or mailing lists.B．Through online news groups.C．On Websites.D．On TV.
Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a $15 million program to try to encourage communities to de more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases -- the leading causes of death in the United States -- and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise.
"In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability health care costs are caused by chronic diseases,." the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.
The causes are often behavioral -- smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.
"I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for future," Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.
"Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle. choices."
Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003.
"These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable, yet we as a nation arc not taking the steps necessary for us to lead healthier, longer lives," he said.
The $15 million is slated (计划) to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.
Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes.
The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who are being aged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.
The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening, including Pap tests for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks.
If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that file survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.
Which of the following is NOT true of chronic diseases in the U. S.？
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition (营养不良), the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur (硫)or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills, and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an examination.
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work, we first relate the effect (light out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out, we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out--power off--refrigerator not working -- temperature will rise -- milk will sour. In the other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a ear from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but can't do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.
In establishing or denying a causal relation, it is usually necessary to show the process by which the supposed cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.
What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _____.
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