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Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
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Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
Passage Two Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s," she observes. "It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that Women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. According to the fourth paragraph, the stress women confront tends to be ______.
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