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Passage Two Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s," she observes. "It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that Women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. According to the fourth paragraph, the stress women confront tends to be ______.
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Passage Two Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage. While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s," she observes. "It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner." Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that Women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating." Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck." Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women ______.
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
Passage One Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage. Each year Universum, a Swedish consulting firm, asks American MBA students where they would most like to work. The 2007 survey showed a few surprises in its top 50 companies named: Hewlett-Packard and Cisco Systems had fell, while old reliables such as General Electronic, Coca-Cola and General Mills had jumped up the list. But the most desired industry remains consulting, despite the beating it has taken since the end of the dotcom boom, and the top firm remains McKinsey. Perhaps the reason is: in recent years McKinsey has done as much as any company to provide MBA graduates with increasingly better and more profitable positions. The reason for this was the firm’s popularization of a concept known as "war for talent". It advocated finding the best and brightest and rewarding their innovations (创新) in proportion to "talent" instead of their performance or seniority (资格). But what is talent And how does a company measure its employees’ talent, especially when assigning them to new projects The "war for talent" recommends a careful assessment of the inner skills and characteristics ready for success but gives few clues as to what those inner skills might be, which might make the war standardless. For a company focused on quick growth, one shortcut could be young hires who had already been rewarded for their talent by receiving MBAs from well-respected schools. Thus as the idea of finding talented employees who could quickly learn the skills took off, so did the asking price of the star MBA graduates. Unfortunately, now the "war for talent" seems less of a brilliant idea. The economic downturn, bringing with it less competition for the available talent, also did its part to control in indulgent (纵容的) employers. Similarly, Professor Jeffrey Pfeffer emphasized that cultivating a talent means not just hiring the most effective performers, but being able to deal quickly and firmly with the least effective C performers. But he adds that the C refers not to the person but to the individual’s performance in a given job. Some low-performing managers were A or B performers earlier in their careers — and may attain that level of performance again. MBA programs will remain attractive recruiting areas, but the MBA model itself has come under increasing criticism. Prof. Pfeffer, in a 2007 article found little evidence that an MBA had much effect on future salary or career. Future MBA students might need to provide more evidence of their talent to impress potential employers. From the third paragraph, we learn that ______.
Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
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