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"Is jazz a kind of folk music Is it a performing style How is it different from other kinds of music" There is no simple answer to these questions, because the most important quality of jazz comes from its unique combination of different musical sources over a period of almost 400 years. The quality that unites the many different jazz forms is, in some degree, separate from its musical sources. That quality is the expression of freedom. The idea of freedom is central. The ancestors of jazz were black people from West Africa who were brought to America as slaves, or forced laborers, from the early 1600s to the mid-1800s. Most of them remained slaves until President Lincoln set them free on January 1, 1863, at the midpoint of the American Civil War. With the less of their personal freedom and the breaking up of their families, the slaves also borrowed the social traditions of their music from Africa. The complex rhythms of this music involved a number of people performing together. The breaking apart of these social groups forced slaves to create new songs--that is, to develop a completely new musical tradition. Using some of the remembered African rhythms, the slaves gradually began to add some features of the European classical music that was played by the white slave owners. The slaves were also influenced by American folk songs. But the result of adding these borrowed elements to the complex African rhythms was the beginning of a completely new kind of music. Still, this music only existed privately among groups of slaves. The slaves’ work had another effect on their music. It introduced new kinds of music rhythms. Some of these rhythms became work songs to accompany their planting end picking of cotton. Other rhythms were developed by teams of workers who needed to lift heavy loads of cotton onto carts that passed through the fields. Later, during the building of the railroads, individual workers created new songs to match the sharp rhythms of steel striking, as they fixed the rails into place. When the slaves lost their personal freedom and their families, ______.
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On the night of September 2,1600, a fire broke out in a baker’s shop near Fish Street Hill in London. Before the flames were finally put out, nearly the entire city had been reduced to ashes. Over thirteen thousand homes, fifty churches, and numerous public buildings and hospitals were lost in the blaze. For all practical purposes, London was destroyed. The Great Fire was not seen as a total tragedy, however. The miserable conditions of the city had been attacked by physicians and humanitarians for years before the fare, thus, with the opportunity clearly presented to create a shining new city, artists and craftsmen from all over England hurried to submit their designs for the rebuilding of London. Among those who submitted plans was Sir Christopher Wren, one of England’s leading architects and the Surveyor General of London. The task of rebuilding the city was given to him. Wren realized that the Great Fire would not have been so damaging if the city had been better laid out: broader streets wore needed to replace the crooked, narrow lanes overhung with old wooden houses and shops. He also felt that redesigning the main streets of London would result in increased and more effective transportation within the city. Shortly after Wren began working on his first drafts for the rebuilding, King Charles I made an announcement prohibiting the construction of any house or shop within the city limits until after the plans were completed. When the plans were revealed to the citizens of London, however, they were overwhelmingly rejected. The most active leaders of the opposition were the landlords, who feared that such a complete widening of the streets would reduce the amount of land available for development. Winter was approaching; consequently, it was necessary for the rebuilding to proceed at once. Permission was therefore, granted for the town people and landlords to commence reconstruction of their houses and shops at the sites where they had been before the fare. Had the need for immediate action not been so pressing, some kind of compromise could likely have been reached. This was not to be, however, and the ideas that could have made London one of the world’s most beautiful cities never came to pass. Which of the following would be an appropriate title for the passage
Emily M. Brown Hurt and humiliated, betrayed partners feel justified in taking immediate action. But certain actions cannot be undone. People make a mistake by rushing out to get a divorce lawyer or telling their friends about the disloyalty. For example, if you tell your family about your partner’s disloyalty and you remain together, you’ll face a double hurdle: mending your marital relationship and the relationship between your partner and your family, who will make your partner angry for hurting you. During this phase I advise the betrayed partner to slow down and keep from overreacting. If you want to save your marriage, your best move is to wait for your head to clear. Shirley Zussman Other betrayed partners established a position of moral superiority. Some wives bring up their husband’s affair ten years after it’s over. They use the affair as a weapon for self- justification. The idea is: "This is such a bad person, I’m a saint to live with him." Unfortunately, this attitude makes it impossible to repair your relationship and move on. Park Ridge As a woman slid into the passenger side of her husband’s car, she discovered in the seat a bottle of pills prescribed to another woman. Turning to her husband of 30 years, she asked, "What’s this I don’t know." he muttered. Eventually, he confessed that he was involved with the stranger. The wife was hurt, and in the following weeks demanded to know details of his love affair: how he had met the woman, where they had made love, what girls he had given her. He finally answered all her questions truthfully. At first I held back because I was afraid of hurting her. But when I got caught in a lie, it made everything worse. Dr. Pittman Before healing can occur, the betrayer must end the affair. For some this is extremely difficult, for an affair gives them an emotional high and seems to be a quick fix for their problems. Hot, forbidden sex is sex without responsibility. You change partners instead of changing life circumstances. Such sex is never a long-term cure. Idealized, romantic affairs are based on illusion rather than reality, and illusion is difficult to maintain. The betrayer can imagine his lover has all the qualities his partner lacks. But true intimacy is based on genuine mutual understanding and the ability to acknowledge and accept each other’s flaws and weakness. Seifer Most couples are hurt by disloyalty. As a result, no healing can take place until you acknowledge your wrongdoing and ask for forgiveness. Otherwise, your partner will remain angry--and suspect that you will start again. Admitting guilt can be particularly difficult for betrayers who blame their partners for their disloyalty. But having an affair has little to do with how good your marriage or sex life is. A person can’t be driven to have an affair. Pointing the finger at your partner may help relieve your own guilt, but it will cause even more trouble on your marriage. By working through the problems that cause the disloyalty, you can save your relationship. Now match each of the persons (16 to 20) to the appropriate statement. Note: there are two extra statements.A. Keep secrets.B. Face reality.C. Stop fighting fire with fire.D. Avoid doing something abrupt.E. Expect things to be the same.F. Tell the truth.G. Admit you were wron Dr. Pittman
The celebration of Veterans Day is held on November 11th every year in the United States. This day is set (36) to honor and remember the (37) men and women who have (38) their country, in any war and (39) peacetime. Veterans Day was first (40) Armistice Day. That day (41) the end of World War I. Thirty-five countries (42) in that war. An armistice was (43) on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, and this (44) the war was over. Many countries were (45) to hear that the war was over and that their soldiers would be coming home.An (46) American soldier was buried in Arlington National Cemetery (47) a hillside overlooking the Potomac River at 11:00 a.m. on November 11, 1921. His (48) is called the "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". The (49) of the tomb is where the U.S. government (50) its annual Veterans Day (51) . On the same day, a soldier from France and a soldier from England were (52) also buried in their (53) countries, to give special (54) to the end of the war. In 1954, the U.S. Congress changed the name of the day (55) Armistice Day to Veterans Day. 46().
在本节中，你将听到10个对话，每个对活后有一个问题。请从[A]、[B]、[C]三个选项中选出答案。每段话后有20秒钟的停顿，以便回答问题和阅读下一小题的选项。每段对话和问题读两遍。
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