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An English schoolboy would only ask his friend: "Wassa time, then" To his teacher he would be much more likely to speak in a more standardized accent and ask: "Excuse me, sir may I have the correct time please" People are generally aware that the phrases and expressions they use are different from those of earlier generations; but they concede less that their own behavior also varies according to the situation in which they find themselves; People have characteristic ways of talking, which are relatively stable across varying situations. Nevertheless, distinct contexts, and different listeners, demand different patterns of speech from one and the same speaker. Not only this, but, in many cases, the way someone speaks affects the response of the person to whom he is speaking in such a way that "modeling" is seen to occur. This is what Michael Argyle has called "response matching". Several studies have shown that, the more one reveals about oneself in ordinary conversation, and the more intimate these details are, the more personal secrets the other person will divulge. Response matching, has, in fact, been noted between two speakers in a number of ways, including how long someone speaks, the length of pauses, speech rate and voice loudness. The correspondence between the length of reporters questions when interviewing President Kennedy, and the length of his replies has been shown to have increased over the duration of his 1961—1963 news conferences. Argyle says this process may be one of "imitation". Two American researchers, Jaffe and Feldstein, prefer to think of it as the speaker"s need for equilibrium. Neither of these explanations seems particularly convincing. It may be that response matching can be more profitably considered as an unconscious reflection of speakers" needs for social integration with one another. This process of modeling the other person"s speech in a conversation could also be termed speech convergence. It may only be one aspect of a much wider speech change. In other situations, speech divergence may occur when certain factors encourage a person to modify his speech away from the individual he is dealing with. For example, a retired brigadier"s wife, renowned for her incessant snobbishness, may return her vehicle to the local garage because of inadequate servicing, voicing her complaint in elaborately phrased, yet mechanically unsophisticated(不老练的) language, with a high soft-pitched voice. These superior airs and graces may simply make the mechanic reply with a flourish of almost incomprehensible technicalities, and in a louder, more deeply-pitched voice than he would have used with a less irritating customer. Which of the following can be an appropriate heading for the passage______
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The use of nuclear power has already spread all over the world. (1)_____, scientists still have not agreed with what should be done with the large (2)_____ of waste materials that (3)_____ to increase every year. Most waste materials (4)_____ of simply by placing them somewhere. But nuclear waste must be (5)_____ with great care. It (6)_____ dangerous radiation and it will continue to be (7)_____ for hundreds of thousands, even millions of years. How should we get (8)_____ of such waste material in such a way (9)_____ it will not harm the (10)_____ Where can we (11)_____ distribute it One idea is to put this radioactive waste inside a thick container, which is (12)_____ dropped to the deep bottom of the ocean. (13)_____ some scientists believe that this way of (14)_____ nuclear waste could kill fish and other living things in the oceans or interfere (15)_____ their growth. Another way to (16)_____ nuclear waste is to send it into space, to the sun, (17)_____ it would be burned. Other scientists suggest that this polluting material be (18)_____ thousands of meters under the earth"s surface. Such underground areas must be free (19)_____ possible earthquakes, and advances are being made. But it may still be many years (20)_____ this problem could be finally settled.
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on children. A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema. But although child psychologists have spent a great deal of time studying this problem, there is not much evidence that "television brings about juvenile delinquency. Few people in the modern world share the views of parents a hundred years ago. In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books but had no inhibitions about including scenes of violence. These days children are often brought up to think freely about sex but violence is discouraged. Nevertheless, television companies receive a large number of letters every week complain about programmes with adults themes being shown at times when a few young children may be awake. Strangely enough, the parents who complain about these programmes see no harm in cartoon films for children in which the villain, usually either an animal or a monster, but in some cases a human being, suffers one brutal punishment after another. The fact is that, as every parent knows, different things frighten different children. One child can read a ghost story without having bad dreams while another cannot bear to have the book in his room. In the same way, there is little consistency about the things that terrify adults. Almost every one has an irrational private fear but while some of us cannot stand the sight of spiders, for example, others are frightened of snakes or rats. The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject nor the action in itself frightens children. The context in which cruelty or violence occurs is much more important. A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents. In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child"s parents should be in real life. There is an adult character who is a coward and a liar, but both the children are brave and of course every story ends happily. Some people think children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible. But they cannot help seeing these through new programmes. When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one in which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation. The television programmes that frighten children are those that______
第一个提出“振兴中华”的是______。
消费者剩余是消费者的______。
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