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1.4 The immune system is part of the body's specific defense system. When the body is exposed to a foreigh protein (antigen) that stimulates an immune response, cells known as macrophages engulf and digest the foreign protein. The macrophages then engage in what is known as antigen presentation, a process in which the macrophage displays the antigen on its cell membrane's surface. Which of the following statements below correctly describes the process of antigen presentation?

A. The macrophage's smooth ER packages the antigen proteins in a vesicle and transports the vesicle to the macrophage's cell membrane surface.
B. The macrophage's lysosomes will fuse with the vesicle containing the antigen, digesting it. The vesicle will then migrate to the macrophage cell membrane and expel the antigen proteins to the membrane surface.
C. The rough ER will envelop the antigen in a vesicle, and the golgi body will package the antigen inside the vesicle so that is can be moved to the macrophage's cell membrane.
D. The mitochondria will help the lysosomes digest the antigen and then the golgi body will package up the digested antigen proteins for transport to the macrophage cell membrane.

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1.3 Individuals with a genetic disorder Tay-Sachs disease have a mutant HEXA gene. This gene codes for an enzyme (HEXA) that metabolizes a specific type of lipid called a ganglioside glycolipid. When HEXA is mutant, this glycolipid cannot be degraded and accumulates in the bloodstream, causing irreparable brain damage. Which of the following cellular organelles is most directly involved in the disease process?

A. lysosome
B. smooth ER
C. ribosome
D. rough ER

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1.3 Specialized cells in the pancreas known as beta cells produce the hormone insulin, a short-chain protein composed of 51 amino acids. The insulin produced is then secreted by the beta cells into the bloodstream upon consumption of a meal in order to regulate blood glucose levels. Which group of organelles is involved with this process?

A. rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body
B. lysosome, rough ER, golgi body
C. golgi body, rough ER, cell membrane
D. nucleus, lysosome, rough ER

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1.2 Which of the following statements describes the relationship between nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins?

A. Nucleic acids provide the code to produce amino acids that form proteins.
B. Proteins are formed from specific amino acids that are encoded by nucleic acids found in a particular sequence.
C. Amino acids can be used in place of nucleic acids to make proteins.
D. Proteins are made from nucleic acids that are coded for by amino acids.

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1.2The shape and function of proteins is due to the sequence of amino acids that comprise each protein. Each amino acid has unique chemical properties that cause it to interact with other amino acids in the protein sequence in a certain way, and these interactions drive the protein to fold into certain shapes. Some amino acids are hydrophobic, and some are hydrophilic. If a protein is compised of mostly hydrophobic amino acids, how might you predict this protein would behave in an aqueous environment?

A. The hydrophobic components of the protein would be unaffected by the aqueous environment.
B. The hydrophobic components of the protein would fold toward the hydrophilic components of the protein.
C. The huydrophobic components of the protein would fold away from the aqueous environment.
D. The hydrophobic components of the protein would fold out toward the aqueous environment.

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