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To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed changes sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were re-opened and made active by the unemployment scare of 1971--1972. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who said that the State’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a barrier of faith, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet the main contribution by employers to unemployment--such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profit-tended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honor the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statistics when the unemployed were considered as individuals they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their values as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the workshy and stealing have been the least well founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the State’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security. Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and subsidized if necessary And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work, so that the workless need work rather than just cash In the 1971--1972 crisis ______.
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Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as" The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995,and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, "which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological Utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrtich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term ’’ antiscience’’ can lump together too many, quite different things, "notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened." The author’’s attitude toward the issue of "science vs. antiscience" is ____________.
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ABC公司正在着手编制明年的财务计划，公司财务主管请你协助计算其加权资本成本。有关信息如下：(1)公司银行借款利率当前是10%，明年将下降为8.93%；(2)公司债券目前市价580万元，面值为650万元，票面利率为8%，尚有5年到期，分期付息；(3)公司普通股面值为1元，本年派发现金股利0.35元，股票市价5.5元/股，预计每股收益增长率维持7%，并保持25%的股利支付率；(4)公司当前(本年)的资本结构为：银行借款 150万元长期债券 650万元普通股 400万元保留盈余 420万元(5)公司所得税税率为25%；(6)公司普通股预期收益的标准差为4.708，整个股票市场组合收益的标准差为2.14，公司普通股与整个股票市场间的相关系数为0.5；(7)当前国债的收益率为5.5%，整个股票市场上普通股组合收益率为13.5%。要求： 计算银行借款的税后资本成本。
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