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The first farm animal Jack ever 1 from a stockyard was a lamb 2 Hilda. aam Sanctuary, 180 acres of vegan heaven in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York. 3 , Jack was living in a school bus near a tofu factory in Pennsylvania and 4 hot dogs 5 support his animal 6 operation. Now, more than a thousand animals once 7 for the slaughterhouse live here and on another Farm Sanctuary property in California. Farm Sanctuary has a $ 5.7 million budget, fed 8 part by a donor club named 9 his 10 Hilda. Supporters can 11 or a Farm Sanctuary MasterCard. As Farm Sanctuary has grown, 12 too has its influence. Soon, due in part 13 the organization"s work, veal calves and pregnant pigs in Arizona 14 be kept in cages so. tight they can"t 15 . Eggs from cage-free hens have become so popular that there is a national shortage. A law in Chicago 16 the sale of foie gras.All of these developments reflect the maturation and sophistication of Jack and others in a network of animal activists who have more control 17 America"s dinner table than 18 before. The gap 19 animal lovers and animal lovers who love to eat them is exactly 20 Jack, a man who eats noodles with margarine, soy sauce and brewer"s yeast would like to close.
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What if our society uses new-found technologies of "genetic engineering" to interfere with the biological nature of human beings Might that not be disastrousWhat about cloning, for instanceCloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animals. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply in the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society Might it not be used for destructive purposes For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep a few in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the worldA dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary method of reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning doSecondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough.But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influence for it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two of a particular banker or governor or scientist—or three—or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the worldBefore we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned The new individual that is formed by your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents, but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have their own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survive in your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other"s influence. A clone of yourself, perhaps thirty or forty years younger would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do from the start. The mere fact that you won"t be able to view him as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! Imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent. The author assumes that the readers are ______.
There are some that would argue that hospitals are no place for dogs, while they are wrong. At least according to new research reported at the American Heart Association"s Scientific Sessions 2005. For people hospitalized with advancedheart disease, it is better to have visitors than to lie quietly alone. But one type of visitor seems to be especially beneficial, researchers reported on Tuesday. That visitor is a dog. In the first controlled study of the effects of pet therapy in a random sample of acute and critically ill heart patients, anxiety as measured on a standard rating scale dropped 24 percent for those visited by a dog and a human volunteer, by 10 percent for those visited by a volunteer alone and not at all for those with no visitors. Similar results were found in measures of heart and lung function.The senior author of the Pet Therapy Study, Kathie M. Cole, said 76 patients with heart failure, a condition that affects an estimated five million Americans, were randomly assigned one of the three visit types. The dogs, from 12 breeds, were screened for behavior and disease before participating in the study. "Some patients in the first group," Ms. Cole said, "began to smile and immediately engaged in conversation with dog and volunteer." "Their worries seemed to vanish from their faces," she said. The researchers examined the patients three times: right before the 12-minute visit, eight minutes into it and four minutes after it was over.Besides the anxiety measurement, researchers found, patients" levels of epinephrine, a hormone the body makes when under stress, dropped 17 percent when visited by a person and a dog, and 2 percent when visited by only a person. Epinephrine levels rose an average of 7 percent in the unvisited group in the study, which was financed by the Pet Care Trust Foundation, a nonprofit group. Pressure in the heart"s top left chamber dropped 10 percent after a visit by volunteer and dog. The same pressure rose 3 percent for those visited by a volunteer and 5 percent for the unvisited group. Pressure in the pulmonary artery dropped 5 percent during and after a visit by volunteer and dog, but rose in the other two groups. Ms. Cole recommended further studies to determine how long the benefits lasted. "Dogs are a great comfort," she said. "They make people happier, calmer and feel more loved. That is huge when you are scared and not feeling well." The sentence "Similar results were found…" (Last sentence, Para. 1) means______.
What if our society uses new-found technologies of "genetic engineering" to interfere with the biological nature of human beings Might that not be disastrousWhat about cloning, for instanceCloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animals. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply in the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society Might it not be used for destructive purposes For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep a few in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the worldA dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary method of reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning doSecondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough.But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influence for it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two of a particular banker or governor or scientist—or three—or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the worldBefore we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned The new individual that is formed by your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents, but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have their own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survive in your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other"s influence. A clone of yourself, perhaps thirty or forty years younger would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do from the start. The mere fact that you won"t be able to view him as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! Imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent. The central theme of the essay is ______.
The rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, new communications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the world"s top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming ore sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies, It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall"s U. S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist, publications not often read in this country.Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN(Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word "foreign" would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign. According to the passage, U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because ______ .
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