Assume a string of 36 PV cells in a module exposed to sunlight as shown in the figure. Each PV cell has a current and voltage output of \(2A\) and \(0.5V\), respectively. Cell 36 is partially shaded due to a leaf, which causes the current of this cell to drop to \(0.5A\). What will be the output current of this string (in \(A\)) ? ______

All 72 cells in parallel to each other.
B. Two strings, each string consisting of 36 cells connected in parallel. Both these strings are connected to each other in series.
C. Two strings, each string consisting of 36 cells connected in series. Both these strings are connected to each other in parallel.
D. All 72 cells in series with each other.

A. The open-circuit voltage of a solar module with series connected solar cells is the sum of the open-circuit voltages of all the individual solar cells.
B. The short-circuit current of a solar module with series connected solar cells is the sum of the short-circuit currents of all the individual solar cells.
C. The use of bypass diodes in a solar module can help in reducing the undesired effects of a dysfunctional solar cell. The bypass diode is connected in parallel to a solar cell but with a polarity opposite to that of the solar cell.

A thermal oxide layer can serve as a passivation layer.
B. A thermal oxide layer acts as an insulator and forces the electrons to flow in the emitter.
C. It creates a back surface field at the back side of the solar cell and thus it reduces the surface recombination velocity.
D. The oxide layer can be thermally grown.

A. Inverted pyramids
B. Multi-junctions
C. Bifacial configuration
D. Photolithographic fabrication of front metal grid