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TEXT 3 Divorce doesn’t necessarily make adults happy. But toughing it out in an unhappy marriage until it turns around just might, a new study says. The research identified happy and unhappy spouses, culled from a national database. Of the unhappy partners who divorced, about half were happy five years later. But unhappy spouses who stuck it out often did better. About two-thirds were happy five years later. Study results contradict what seems to be common sense, says David Blankenhorn of the Institute for American Values, a think-tank on the family. The institute helped sponsor the research team based at the University of Chicago. Findings will be presented in Arlington, Va. , at the "Smart Marriage" conference, sponsored by the Coalition for Marriage, Families, and Couples Education. "In popular discussion, in scholarly literature, the assumption has always been that if a marriage is unhappy, if you get a divorce, it is likely you will be happier than you stayed married," Blankenhorn says, "This is the first time this has been tested empirically and there is no evidence to support this assumption." About 19% of the divorced had happily remarried within five years. The most troubled marriages reported the biggest turn-arounds. Of the most discontented, about 80% were happy five years later, says Linda Waite, a University of Chicago sociologist who headed the research team. The study looked at data on 5, 232 married adults form the National Survey of Families and Households. It included 645 who were unhappy. The adults in the national sample were analyzed through 13 measures of psychological well-being. Within the five years, 167 of the unhappy were divorced or separated and 478 stayed married. Divorce didn’t reduce symptoms of depression, raise self-esteem or increase a sense of mastery compared with those who stayed married, the report says. Results were controlled for factors including race, age, gender and income. Staying married did not tend to trap unhappy spouses in violent relationships. What helped the unhappy marrieds turn things around To supplement the formal study data, the research team asked professional firms to recruit focus groups totaling 55 adults who were "marriage survivors". All had moved from unhappy to happy marriages. These 55 once-discontented marrieds felt their unions got better via one of three routes, the report says: Marital endurance. "With time, job situation improved, children got older or better, or chronic ongoing problems got put into new perspective." Partners did not work on their marriage, Marital work. Spouses actively worked to "solve problems, change behavior or improve communication." Personal change. Partners found "alternative ways to improve their own happiness and build a good and happy life despite a mediocre marriage." In effect, the unhappy partner changed. Those who worked on their marriages rarely turned to counselors. When they did, they went to faith-based ones committed to marriage, Waite says. Men, particularly, were "very suspicious of anyone who wanted money to solve personal problems." Those who stayed married also generally disapproved of divorce, Wake says. They cited concerns about children, religious beliefs and a fear that divorce would bring its own set of problems. What is suggested by the research
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TEXT 2 Yes, that college tuition bill was bigger this year. States are passing along their budget woes to public university students and their families. Tuitions are rising by double digits in some states, while the amount of state-funded student aid is dropping. Although incomes are rising by only 1% to 2% in most states, tuition at four-year public schools has leapt by 24% in Massachusetts, 20% in Texas and 7% nationally since the 2001-2002 school year. New York had the smallest increase, 0nly 2%. But proposed tuition increases of 35% or more at the State University of New York and the City University of New York would put New York in the lead. Meanwhile, total tuition aid is down 10% in Illinois, 13% in Connecticut and 20% in Arkansas. State budget deficits are the cause. Nationally, states spend about 48% of their revenue on education, or about $ 235 billion in 2001 for kindergarten through college, says the National Governors Association. Elementary and secondary education budgets are protected in many state constitutions, which means that they are generally the last expense that states will cut. But higher education is vulnerable to budgets cuts--and’ tuition increase--because lawmakers tend to see it as discretionary: No one has to go to college, after all. Colleges and universities "have clients they can charge," says the National Center’s president, Patrick M. Callan. "Tuition is the easiest money to get," he adds. The rising cost of public education, and the fear that it is financially squeezing some students out of ag education, have prompted some state universities to adopt a practice long used by private schools to attract students: tuition discounting. In tuition discounting colleges turn around a share of the tuition paid by some students, and use it to pay for scholarships for others. Private colleges typically return $ 35 to $ 45 in scholarships for every $100 they collect in tuition revenue. But until recently, states have viewed discounting as politically unpopular. The increasing cost of a college education is beginning to attract the attention of lawmakers, especially Congress, which already has begun hearings on college costs. But Congress isn’t in a mood to raise the $4,000 grants it offers to needy students under its Pell Grant program. Moreover, tuition has long been so low in some states--specially Iowa, Kansas and Illinois, which now are levying some of the biggest increases--that public outcries may fall on deaf legislative ears. Indeed, college presidents and trustees see big tuition increase in low-priced states as a good way to make the schools less dependent on appropriations that can swing wildly from year to year. There are a few steps students and their families can take to offset rising tuitions, but not many. Because colleges are always interested in raising academic quality, talented students can pit one college against another in hopes of raising their financial-aid offer. Some colleges now invite students to call and renegotiate their aid packages if they get a better offer from another institution, and even those that don’t say as much are willing to talk. In trying to attract the most desirable students, universities are mired in an "armed race", building expensive facilities that most students will never use, but pay for anyway. What can be inferred from the passage
Part A You will hear an interview between a mathematician and a reporter. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling True or False. You will hear the conversation ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10. The mathematician was not allowed to use the Columbia University libraries.
Part A You will hear an interview between a mathematician and a reporter. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling True or False. You will hear the conversation ONLY ONCE. You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10. The mathematician studied science in Bronx High School of Science.
The developers try to add a certain level of ______ that they feel is lacking in commercial games.
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