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国家秘密分为“绝密”、“机密”、“秘密”三级统称“秘密”。
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国家机关工作人员经领导批准可以在企业或其他营利性单位兼任职务并领取相应的报酬。
试述提高行政效率的途径。
Questions 49 to 52 are based on the following passage:Antarctica is a very large area of the earth’s surface, but--until recent years--was the least studied.More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock, filled and overflowing with a load of ice. In all thisbarrenness and cold, what is there of valueFirst, Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents.Coal--much of it of poor quality--has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountainsystem known as the Great Antarctica Horst. A writer has found a small deposit of manganese oreand rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper. These finds are importantonly as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile, and such a systematic effort hasbegun under SCAR (the Special Committee on Antarctic Research). This group is an outgrowth ofthe International Geophysical Year (I.G.Y.); but its program has broadened from geophysics toinclude mapping and biology.of Antarctica. Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas; theRussians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea"farming."But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of researchfrom the common cold to problems of outer space. The former is under scrutiny at a biologicallaboratory at McMurdo Sound, where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study ofepidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.As to space research, there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kindsof observation. Here is a firmly fixed point, in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole;from it all directions are north, and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a pointdirectly overhead. The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y. and hasmaintained it ever since.Now it is an ideal space tracking station. Any vehicle on a mission in the southern half of theheavens remains continuously "visible" to an antenna at the pole. Such a station is also able to playa unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.Such satellites---maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them---cover nilparts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation, communications and other tasks. TheSouth Pole would be the chock point on each circuit, snatching the data from space, processingthem in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.On all these counts, the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed.But essentially their argument is a simple one. The great continent to the south is still largelyunknown. In the quest for fundamental knowledge, which is the heart and soul of all science, itcannot be ignored. A laboratory at McMurdo Sound is making a study of
Questions 45 to 48 are based on the following passage:There are several ways of listening that net us nothing but trouble, according to Dr. RalphNichols of the University of Minnesota. If we recognize and try to conquer them, we can step upour listening ability by about twenty-five percent and thereby greatly increase our chances forsuccess in our daily lives.Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dn Nichols, you must plead guilty to several of thefollowing bad listening habits:Daydream Listening: You can think about four times as fast as the average person speaks. So youhave quite a bit of spare thinking time while waiting for the words to come in. Unconsciously, youuse this time, if you are a poor listener, to let your thoughts drift elsewhere.For instance, your teacher is giving you some background material on Americanhistory. Your mind is with him at first. Then other thoughts drift into that spare thinking space.Without warning, they have taken over your mind entirely... I mustn’t forget to go downtown afterschool for Mother. If only my bike was fixed!Maybe I can get Joe to come over Saturday and helpme... Your thoughts drift on.Suddenly, with a jolt, you hear these words: "Now we’ll have a little teston what I have been explaining." Ouch!So what to do to keep daydreams from filtering in One way is to put that extra thinking time towork--on the subject. Sum up what the speaker is saying; look for major points. Pretend you aregoing to have to repeat his ideas. Put his words into your words. It isn’t easy. It takes effort and timeto learn. But the results are sure to surprise and please you"That’s-What-You-Think" Listening: You have your own pet ideas on certain subjects. You don’tlike to hear anything which might make you question them. So when anyone begins arguing on theother side, you simply stop listening.Instead you plan what you are going to answer. Anyone whorefuses too often tolisten to the other side of a question risks becoming narrow-minded an exasperating andunattractive trait in the other fellow. Is it any more becoming to you No thanks, you say, anddecide to hear the other fellow out. Maybe he is right. Maybe you are. But you can give him a betterargument on your viewpoint if you hear what he says.Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention and win. Your father givesyou a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say,your favorite song on the radio. Later,you find that half an ear wasn’t enough. You didn’t listen to your father’s words closely enough tohear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can’treally blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competingnoises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.So there are the forces--some within ourselves, some outside that work against us in our efforts tolisten. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits. Listening is often difficult when
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