Questions 45 to 48 are based on the following passage:There are several ways of listening that net us nothing but trouble, according to Dr. RalphNichols of the University of Minnesota. If we recognize and try to conquer them, we can step upour listening ability by about twenty-five percent and thereby greatly increase our chances forsuccess in our daily lives.Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dn Nichols, you must plead guilty to several of thefollowing bad listening habits:Daydream Listening: You can think about four times as fast as the average person speaks. So youhave quite a bit of spare thinking time while waiting for the words to come in. Unconsciously, youuse this time, if you are a poor listener, to let your thoughts drift elsewhere.For instance, your teacher is giving you some background material on Americanhistory. Your mind is with him at first. Then other thoughts drift into that spare thinking space.Without warning, they have taken over your mind entirely... I mustn’t forget to go downtown afterschool for Mother. If only my bike was fixed!Maybe I can get Joe to come over Saturday and helpme... Your thoughts drift on.Suddenly, with a jolt, you hear these words: "Now we’ll have a little teston what I have been explaining." Ouch!So what to do to keep daydreams from filtering in One way is to put that extra thinking time towork--on the subject. Sum up what the speaker is saying; look for major points. Pretend you aregoing to have to repeat his ideas. Put his words into your words. It isn’t easy. It takes effort and timeto learn. But the results are sure to surprise and please you"That’s-What-You-Think" Listening: You have your own pet ideas on certain subjects. You don’tlike to hear anything which might make you question them. So when anyone begins arguing on theother side, you simply stop listening.Instead you plan what you are going to answer. Anyone whorefuses too often tolisten to the other side of a question risks becoming narrow-minded an exasperating andunattractive trait in the other fellow. Is it any more becoming to you No thanks, you say, anddecide to hear the other fellow out. Maybe he is right. Maybe you are. But you can give him a betterargument on your viewpoint if you hear what he says.Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention and win. Your father givesyou a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say,your favorite song on the radio. Later,you find that half an ear wasn’t enough. You didn’t listen to your father’s words closely enough tohear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can’treally blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competingnoises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.So there are the forces--some within ourselves, some outside that work against us in our efforts tolisten. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits. Listening is often difficult when

A. the speaker argues against your pet ideas
B. the speaker’s voice is poor
C. you do not watch the speaker
D. the room is poorly ventilated