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A study of chemical carcinogenesis shows that repeated application of croton oil containing tetra-decanoylphorbolacetate (TPA, a phorbol ester), after one application of a mutagenic agent on the skin, promotes carcinogenesis. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism for this phenomenon. _ _
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A 50-year-old woman undergoes screening colonoscopy as part of a routine health maintenance workup. An isolated l-cm pedunculated polyp is found in the sigmoid colon. The excised polyp histologically shows well-differentiated glands with no invasion of the stalk. Which of the following investigational research procedures can most clearly distinguish whether the polyp represents hyperplasia of the colonic mucosa or a tubular adenoma. _ _
An epidemiologic study investigates the potential cellular molecular alterations that may contribute to the development of cancers in a population. Data analyzed from resected colonic lesions show that changes are occurring that demonstrate the evolution of a sporadic colonic adenoma into an invasive carcinoma. Which of the following best describes the mechanism producing these changes.__
A 49-year old man has a lump near his right shoulder that has been increasing in size for the past 8 months. On physical examination, the physician palpates a 4-cm firm, nontender mass in the right supraclavicular region. The mass is excised, and microscopically, it is diagnosed as follicular lymphoma. Karyotypic analysis of the cells shows a chromosomal translocation, t(14;18),involving the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene. Which of the following genes is most likely to have undergone mutation to produce these findings.__
A 26-year-old woman has a lump in the left breast. On physical examination by the physician, there is an irregular, firm, 2-cm mass in the upper inner quadrant of the breast. No axillary adenopathy is noted. A fine-needle aspirate of the mass shows carcinoma. The patient's 30-year-old sister was recently diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and 3 years ago her maternal aunt was diagnosed with ductal carcinoma of the breast and had a mastectomy. Which of the following genes is most likely to have undergone mutation to produce these findings.__
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