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For years, youth sports pushers tried to get us hooked: organized sports, they said, offered a natural high and would build character in our children. (71) But there are high-functioning cokeheads, too. Like every American, I have close friends whose families struggle with a youth sports addiction. So let’s talk about the dark side of the youth sports epidemic. First off, when they’re spending every spare second at soccer practice, children lose that crucial downtime they need for exercising their imaginations, as well as their limbs. And Dr. Lenny Wiersma, co-director of tile Center for the Advancement of Responsible Youth Sport, warns that when kids miss out on "the old sandbox and informal games," they also lose opportunities to develop peer interactions that are "organized and regulated by themselves." (72) The Michigan study cited above also found a sixfold increase in the time children spent on "passive, spectator leisure," as more and more kids found themselves dragged off to watch their siblings’ sports events. Organized youth sports also cut into relaxed family time. (73) That’s not to speak of all the exhausted parents who put their own interests--and relationships--on hold for a decade, devoting every free minute to hauling their kids from game to game. Of course, organized sports isn’t the only culprit. (74) The pressure can leave even high-achieving kids exhausted, demoralized and at risk of "self-destructive behaviors," Harvard’s admissions office warns. Harvard now urges that applicants "take some sort of timeout before burnout becomes the hallmark of their generation." Parents: Just say no. Rip up that T-ball signup sheet; throw out the expensive soccer cleats. If you want an activity that develops character and physical skills, encourage the kids to help build houses with Habitat for Humanity. But the rest of the time, let them do what generations of American children did before them: climb trees, build backyard forts, play hopscotch and endless games of tag. (75) A. Some children possess genuine athletic talent, and in the youth sports programs they really stands out and become more confident.B. It’s time to give childhood back to our children.C. Like secondhand smoke, a child’s involvement in youth sports can have detrimental side effects on others.D. And it’s true that organized youth sports work out fine for some families.E. It’s just one reflection of the middle-class American insistence on over-scheduling our children, rushing them between soccer practices, piano lessons, French lessons and SAT prep classes.F. The same study found that families today spend a third less time eating dinners together, and 28% less time taking family vacations.
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Although I know that many of you think the opposite, most human beings have a high level of intelligence, a good memory and can solve problems easily. They live longer and therefore tend to be much more aware of past and future than we are. They communicate by a set of sounds which carry meaning from the order in which they are placed, and which vary from territory to territory, so that some humans find difficulty in communicating with others according to where they come from--if they have been raised in different country and have not had special training. Humans have also invented a set of marks on paper which they use to represent these sounds and which you may often see them concentrating on. In these two ways they have developed their eyes and ears to a higher level of interpretation than ourselves, but in doing so they have lost the ability to gather much of the information which we continually do both from these and our other senses. Most dogs are able to interpret at least part of the vocabulary (voice meanings) of humans, and some of us have learned to recognize some of the pattern of marks which they use to record them on paper so that humans at a different time and in a different place can understand their messages, but it would put our other abilities into danger if we ourselves developed these skills very far. Fortunately, most humans are able to understand a similar amount of our communicatory sounds and behaviour. Try going up to a human, sitting down in front of him and raising a front paw in a gesture. He will almost certainly take it and give it a shake, because it is a greeting gesture for humans, too. He will think you are behaving like a human--and nothing seems to please humans more. Careful, there is a danger here! You are not a human. You are a dog--and if you are going to be happy you should never forget it. You need to live as a dog. It is all very well changing yourself slightly-to fit in with a human pack, but if you deny your true nature you are going to end up a mad dog and, humans will think, a bad dog. There is always a reason for any animal choosing to live with an animal of a different sort, but all too often we have no choice. We have to live with humans. But humans have consciously decided that they want us with them, although not necessarily for the reason that they believe. They may want you as a watchdog to keep burglars away. They may have some idea that looking after you will teach their pups a sense of responsibility. Or they may simply be in desperate need of companionship, of something to love. Whom do you think the passage is really written for
Not every President is a leader, but every time we elect a President we hope for one, especially in times of doubt and crisis. In easy times we are ambivalent -- the leader, after all, makes demands, challenges the status quo, shakes things up.Leadership is as much a question of timing as anything else.(67) And when he comes, he must offer a simple, eloquent message.Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand and remember. Churchill warned the British to expect "blood, toil, tears and sweat"; FDR told Americans that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"; Lenin promised the war-weary Russians peace, land and bread. Straightforward but potent messages.We have an image of what a leader ought to be. We even recognize the physical signs: Leaders may not necessarily be tall, but they must have bigger-than-life, commanding features--LBJ’s nose and ear lobes, Ike’s broad grin. A trademark also comes in handy: Lincoln’s stovepipe hat, JFK’s rocker. We expect our leaders to stand out a little, not to be like ordinary men. Half of President Ford’s trouble lay in the fact that, if you closed your eyes for a moment, you couldn’t remember his face, figure or clothes. A leader should have an unforgettable identity, instantly and permanently fixed in people’s minds.It also helps for a leader to be able to do something most of us can’ t: FDR overcame polio; Mao swam the Yangtze River at the age of 72. We don’t want our leaders to be "just like us". We want them to be like us but better, special, more so.(68) Even television, which comes in for a lot of knocks as an image-builder that magnifies form over substance, doesn’t altogether obscure the qualities of leadership we recognize, or their absence. Television exposed Nixon’s insecurity, Humphrey’s fatal infatuation with his own voice.A leader must know how to use power, but he also has to have a way of showing that he does. He has to be able to project firmness-- no physical clumsiness(like Ford., no rapid eye movements(like Carter).A Chinese philosopher once remarked that a leader must have the grace of a good dancer, and there is a great deal of wisdom to this.(69) He should be able, like Lincoln, FDR, Truman, Ike and JFK, to give a good, hearty, belly laugh, instead of the sickly grin that passes for good humor in Nixon or Carter. Ronald Reagan’s training as an actor showed to good effect in the debate with Carter, when by his easy manner and apparent affability, he managed to convey the impression that in fact he was the President and Carter the challenger.If we know what we’ re looking for, why is it so difficult to find The answer lies in a very simple truth about leadership. People can only be led where they want to go. The leader follows, though a step ahead.(70) The British believed that they could still win the war after the defeats of 1940, and Churchill told them they were right.A leader rides the waves, moves with the tides, understands the deepest yearnings of his people. He cannot make a nation that wants peace at any price go to war, or stop a nation determined to fight from doing so. His purpose must match the national mood. His task is to focus the people’s energies and desires, to define them in simple terms, to inspire, and make what people already want seem attainable, important, within their grasp.(71) Winston Churchill managed, by sheer rhetoric, to turn the British defeat and the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940 into a major victory. FDR’s words turned the sinking of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor into a national rallying cry instead of a humiliating national scandal. A leader must stir our blood, not appeal to our reason...A great leader must have a certain irrational quality, a stubborn refusal to face facts, infectious optimism, the ability to convince us that all is not lost even when we’re afraid it is. Confucius suggested that, while the advisers of a great leader should be as cold as ice, the leader himself should have fire, a spark of divine madness.A. Yet if they are too different, we reject them. Adlai Stevenson was too cerebral. Nelson Rockefeller, too rich.B. The leader must appear on the scene at a moment when people are looking for leadership, as Churchill did in 1940, as Roosevelt did in 1933, as Lenin did in 1917.C. Americans wanted to climb out of the Depression and needed someone to tell them they could do it, and FDR did.D. Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero. He is the symbol of the best in us.E. Above all, he must dignify our desires, convince us that we are taking part in the making of great history, give us a sense of glory about ourselves.F. A leader should know how to appear relaxed and confident. His walk should be firm and purposeful. 71().
In the world of management, employees are nonexempt or exempt, depending on whether they get paid for overtime or not. (21) a creative scientist, like a creative artist, does not see his or her time. The very idea of a creative scientist (22) out time sheets is ludicrous. Fascination in science cannot be turned on or off on (23) The creative mind continues to wander (24) the body eats, exercises, or sleeps. Interruptions in or out of the laboratory, the library, the office or the home study may (25) a promising effort. (26) the well-established practice of moonlighting. Do what you need to do to keep the wolf (27) from the door, the world (28) your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do (29) you really want to do. All of us who had done science know how to (30) effectively. So many scientific books are prefaced by remarks such as "I thank my spouse, who tolerated my awful antics while this book was being written." I (31) that some of the most creative results to come out of my laboratory were obtained by graduate students or postdoctoral assistants in the (32) of my instructions or even (33) against them. The creative mind has a vision. And vision, (34) Jonathan Smith, is the art of seeing things (35) . To try to explain a vision can get one into serious trouble, as Joan of Arc (圣女贞德) found out. It is better to moonlight until things become visible.
To me personally, the most remarkable and, in the long run, the most influential man who was translated was not a Greek. That is because I am interested in the perception of objects in space. And that was a subject about which the Greeks were totally wrong. It was understood for the first time about the year AD 1000 by an eccentric mathematician whom we call Alhazen, who was the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced. (66) Alhazen first recognized that we see an object because each point of it directs and reflects a ray into the eye. The Greek view could not explain how an object, my hand say, seems to change size when it moves. In Alhazen’s account it is clear that the cone of rays that comes from the outline and shape of my hand grows narrower as I move my hand away from you. (67) And that, and only that, accounts for the difference in size. It is so simple a notion that it is astonishing that scientists paid almost no attention to it for six hundred years. (68) The concept of the cone of rays from object to the eye becomes the foundation of perspective [透视画法]. And perspective is the new idea which now revivifies mathematics. (69) A manuscript of Alhazen’s Optics in translation in the Vatican Library in Rome is annotated by Lorenzo Ghiberti, who made the famous bronze perspectives for the doors of the Baptistry in Florence. He was not the first pioneer of perspective--that may have been Filippo Brunelleschi--and there were enough of them to form an identifiable school of the Perspectivi. (70) A. It was a school of thought, for its aim was not simply to make the figures lifelike, but to create the sense of their movement in space.B. The Greeks had thought that light goes from the eyes to the object.C. The excitement of perspective passed into art in north Italy, in Florence and Venice, in the fifteenth century.D. As I move it towards you, the cone of rays that enters our eye becomes larger and subtends a larger angle.E. Above all, we feel that the painter’s eye is on the move.F. But artists attended to it long before that, and in a practical way.
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