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To me personally, the most remarkable and, in the long run, the most influential man who was translated was not a Greek. That is because I am interested in the perception of objects in space. And that was a subject about which the Greeks were totally wrong. It was understood for the first time about the year AD 1000 by an eccentric mathematician whom we call Alhazen, who was the one really original scientific mind that Arab culture produced. (66) Alhazen first recognized that we see an object because each point of it directs and reflects a ray into the eye. The Greek view could not explain how an object, my hand say, seems to change size when it moves. In Alhazen’s account it is clear that the cone of rays that comes from the outline and shape of my hand grows narrower as I move my hand away from you. (67) And that, and only that, accounts for the difference in size. It is so simple a notion that it is astonishing that scientists paid almost no attention to it for six hundred years. (68) The concept of the cone of rays from object to the eye becomes the foundation of perspective [透视画法]. And perspective is the new idea which now revivifies mathematics. (69) A manuscript of Alhazen’s Optics in translation in the Vatican Library in Rome is annotated by Lorenzo Ghiberti, who made the famous bronze perspectives for the doors of the Baptistry in Florence. He was not the first pioneer of perspective--that may have been Filippo Brunelleschi--and there were enough of them to form an identifiable school of the Perspectivi. (70) A. It was a school of thought, for its aim was not simply to make the figures lifelike, but to create the sense of their movement in space.B. The Greeks had thought that light goes from the eyes to the object.C. The excitement of perspective passed into art in north Italy, in Florence and Venice, in the fifteenth century.D. As I move it towards you, the cone of rays that enters our eye becomes larger and subtends a larger angle.E. Above all, we feel that the painter’s eye is on the move.F. But artists attended to it long before that, and in a practical way.
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Audi A3 Most of our drivers said the A3 was their definite favourite in this group. They described it as refined and comfortable with good handing characteristics and light, precise steering. All the seats were comfortable and the front ones were easy to adjust. Most drivers liked the driving position, helped by a good range of steering wheel and seat height adjustments. The main instruments were clear and dashboard controls were well positioned. Mirror coverage was excellent but our drivers complained that the view out of the rear was badly hindered by the high rear window line and thick pillars. Getting into the back seats was easy, thanks to a clever seat mechanism, which moves the seat up and forward as well as tilting the backrest. Rear legroom was reasonable but the rear seat was only barely wide enough for three adults. Luggage space was average for this class of car but you have to remove the rear head restraints to fold the rear seat. There were plenty of useful interior storage spaces. All A3s come with an alarm and immobilizer as standard. Our "thief" got in through the doors in 20 seconds. But the radio was a non-standard fit, which is probably to deter thieves. The hinges of the rear seats could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, the driver’s knees could be damaged by stiff structures under the dash. Some parts of the fuel system and electrics would be vulnerable to damage in a frontal collision. Honda Civic Honda says its special VTEC engine has a winning combination of economy and performance, but our drivers found it a bit of a curate’s egg. It was the most economical of the car on test, but drivers found it sluggish at low revs, and its acceleration in the fifth gear was slow, so overtaking normally meant having to shift down to the fourth gear. The driving position was acceptable, but our panel criticized the restricted rear visibility— the rear window was quite small. Drivers found the back rest supportive but it was not available to make fine adjustments to the angle. The ride comfort was acceptable, but it wasn’t as good as the Audi’s or Rover’s. The driver’s seat didn’t slide forward when it was tilted, making rear access awkwardly from this side. In the back, headroom and legroom was excellent but testers didn’t find the seats particularly comfortable. The luggage space was small for this class of car, especially with the rear seats in place. However, folding the rear seat to increase luggage space was easy. Other points proved by our panel included well-placed minor controls, good mirror coverage, but fiddly radio controls. All Civics come with an immobilizer but no alarm. You may want to consider paying extra for an alarm, as our "thief" broke into through the doors in 13 seconds, and into the engine bay in just five seconds. There were stiff structures under the dash which could damage the driver’s knees in an accident, though there was no problem on the passenger’s side. The handbook (like the Audi’s) provided suggestion on Using child restraints. Rover 216 The 1.6-litre engine had good power delivery at both high and low revs but some drivers complained that it was noisy at high revs. The brakes didn’t have very good progression, but drivers like their positive feel. Ride comfort and the handling were recommended. But drivers found it difficult to achieve a comfortable driving position, The driver’s seat was not height-adjustable, and there was only limited space to rest your clutch foot. Some testers also found the seat backrest uncomfortable. Visibility was married by the small mirrors. The rear view was also restricted by thick pillars and the small rear window, Getting into the back was tricky because the front seats did not slide forward when tilted. Once in the back, legroom and headroom were poor, and testers complained that their rear seat base was unsupportive. Luggage space was smaller than average for this class of car—this was compounded by a high boot sill and difficulties in folding the rear seat. But there were large pockets in the doors and rear side panels. The main radio controls were more convenient; they were mounted on the steering wheel so drivers didn’t have to take their hands off the wheel to use them. Our Rover 200s came with an alarm, though this isn’t standard on all versions. Our "thief" broke in through the doors in 15 seconds. Some of the electrics would be vulnerable in a frontal impact. The rear seat hinges could release in an accident, allowing luggage to crash through into the passenger compartment. Also, information in the handbook on using child restrains was not adequate. ·offers a poor view even when the mirrors are used
When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, what is the first thing he should doWhen a consumer finds that all itern she or he bought is broken or in some other way does not reach the standard of the manufacturer’s claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty. or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumers may use to gain satisfaction.A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the“higher, up”the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be tackled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer’s favor, assuming he or she has a just claim.Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they can not get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the itern in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, “The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear”is better than“this stereo does not work”.The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a stemp further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers’rights. How much time do the man and the woman have before they address the class().
In the world of management, employees are nonexempt or exempt, depending on whether they get paid for overtime or not. (21) a creative scientist, like a creative artist, does not see his or her time. The very idea of a creative scientist (22) out time sheets is ludicrous. Fascination in science cannot be turned on or off on (23) The creative mind continues to wander (24) the body eats, exercises, or sleeps. Interruptions in or out of the laboratory, the library, the office or the home study may (25) a promising effort. (26) the well-established practice of moonlighting. Do what you need to do to keep the wolf (27) from the door, the world (28) your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do (29) you really want to do. All of us who had done science know how to (30) effectively. So many scientific books are prefaced by remarks such as "I thank my spouse, who tolerated my awful antics while this book was being written." I (31) that some of the most creative results to come out of my laboratory were obtained by graduate students or postdoctoral assistants in the (32) of my instructions or even (33) against them. The creative mind has a vision. And vision, (34) Jonathan Smith, is the art of seeing things (35) . To try to explain a vision can get one into serious trouble, as Joan of Arc (圣女贞德) found out. It is better to moonlight until things become visible.
Newcomers to San Francisco who can’t speak English have a hard time finding an apartment, a job, or health care. Institutions that baffle and frustrate native-born Americans, such as the Department of Motor Vehicles, are even more intimidating to immigrants. Many immigrants are greeted at the airport by relatives who can ease their transition to life in the U.S. But some arrive without contacts and need immediate help. In San Francisco, this help comes more from local ethnic communities than from the government. Organizations such as the Chinatown Youth Center and Jewish Family and Children’s Services apply for grant money and provide services to immigrants. Many Hispanic immigrants to the city seek help at the Good Samaritan Family Resource Center in the heart of the Mission district. The Good Samaritan center teaches "survival" English to help people get by until they can enroll in a regular language class. The center also teaches newcomers about life in San Francisco, such as how to find health care and schools. The center offers support groups that function as extended families. If a client is afraid to go to the hospital, for example, someone from the support group will go with her. English classes have become a precious commodity in San Francisco, with some people waiting six months to get instruction. In the meantime, they have to survive the best they can, often without a job. Foreign-born Americans who do not speak English well have much higher unemployment rates than those who speak English well, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This rule is not true for female Hispanics, however. Many Hispanic immigrants live in Spanish-speaking communities where they can get by without learning English. Government offices try to help non-English speakers, but their bureaucracy is intimidating to the newcomer who wants a driver’s license or Social Security number. Immigrants "are afraid that no one will understand them," says Joe C. Buenavista, principal of San Francisco’s Newcomer High School. Newcomers to San Francisco may get help from the following organizations EXCEPT ______ .
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