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A 69-year-old woman has had a chronic cough for the past year. A chest radiograph shows a 6-cm mass in the left lung, and a needle biopsy specimen of the mass shows carcinoma. A pneumonectomy is performed, and examination of the hilar lymph nodes reveals a uniform, dark-black cut surface. Which of the following factors is most likely to account for the appearance of the lymph nodes? _ _
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A 38-year-old man has had headaches and nausea for the past 2 months. Laboratory findings show hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia and normal serum albumin. Urine microscopic analysis shows deposition of calcium salts in the renal tubular epithelium. Which of the following processes has most likely produced this change in the kidney? _ _
An experiment introduces a "knockout" gene mutation into a cell line. The frequency of shrunken cells with chromatin clumping and cytoplasmic blebbing is increased, compared with a cell line without the mutation. Overall survival of the mutant cell line is reduced. Which of the following genes is most likely to be affected by this mutation? _ _
A 53-year-old man has had marked chest pain for the past 3 hours. Laboratory findings include elevated serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). He receives thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator. After the therapy, the CK-MB further increases. Which of the following is the most likely biochemical basis for this observed rise in CK-MB? _ _
A 60-yaer-old male comes to his physician because he has noted a mass in his neck that has increased rapidly in size over the past 2 months. On physical examination a firm, non-tender 10cm mass in the left lateral posterior neck is palpated that appears to be fused cervical lymph nodes. Hepatosplenomegaly is noted. A head CT scan reveals a mass in the Waldeyer ring near the pharynx. A biopsy of the neck mass is performed and on microscopic examination shows abnormal lymphoid cells with many mitotic figures and many apoptotic nuclei. He is treated with a cocktail of cell cycle acting chemotherapeutic agents. The cervical and oral masses shrink dramatically over the next month. Based upon his history and response to treatment, the tumor cells are most likely to have which of the following features? _ _ (A Limited capacity to metastasize
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