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By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million (1) of these nations loved (2) to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence (3) the ideals of representative government, careers (4) to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the (5) to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. (6) there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a (7) set of laws.On the issue of (8) of religion and the position of the church, (9) , there was less agreement (10) the leadership Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one (11) by the Spanish crown. (12) most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism (13) the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the (14) of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying (15) for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had (16) in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s (17) colonies. Early premise to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much (18) because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies (19) Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was (20) self-rule and democracy. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.1（）
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阅读下面短文。完成41～44题。科学家曾这样想象：如果由带正电的电子与带负电的原子核组成原子，那么就是反原子，反原子则可构成反物质。倘若反物质与物质相遇就会爆炸成光辐射。这一“反物质假说”，在21世纪将逐步变成现实。2002年9月欧洲核子研究中心宣布，世界各地9个研究所的39位科学家通力合作，在受控条件下成功制造了约5万个反氢原子。科学家也在研究过程中发现了正电子，这使他们更相信所有粒子都有其反粒子，从而更有信心揭开反物质之谜。世界公认的宇宙诞生理论大爆炸学说认为，宇宙是从140亿年前一个“极小的点”爆炸而来的，在那个点之外，“没有时间、没有空间、没有能量、没有物质”，大爆炸产生了大量的正能量和负能量，而总能量仍然为零。能量与物质是可以相互转化的，那么，大量的能量亦应转化为正物质和反物质。这是反物质理论研究的基础。但要想在反物质乃至宇宙诞生理论研究上取得突破，还需要在研究实践中寻求更新的科学思想作指导。140亿年前宇宙诞生时产生了大体相等的物质与反物质。这些反物质在哪里？宇宙存在着由反物质组成的星系，是一种解释；宇宙诞生产生的物质多于反物质，二者相互湮灭后，剩余的物质构成了现在之宇宙，是另一种解释。科学家没有放弃在自然界中寻找反物质的努力，并且成功地在实验室中制造出反物质，以便更直接地研究反物质现象。科学家认为，先进的探测手段在反物质理论研究中不可或缺。根据伽玛射线探测卫星提供的有关资料，有的科学家认为在银河系上方3500光年处可能存在不断喷射反物质的源头。航天飞机携带的阿尔法磁谱仪升空探测虽未发现反物质，但它最近几年在太空采集的大量数据，对反物质理论研究的突破性进展会有巨大帮助。在自然界寻找反物质的难度甚大，而利用加速器将负离子流射向氙原子核已能制造反氢原子，因此科学家更注重在实验室中进行的反物质研究。目前在实验室制造反基本粒子并不困难，但将正电子与负原子核结合并能证实它们已成为反原子的工作极为复杂。欧洲核子研究中心耗资1150万美元研制的加速器利用磁场将高能反质子减速为光速1/10的反质子，制造出约5万个低能量状态的反氢原子。跨过这个里程碑再前进，还需要科学家研制功能更强大的“工具”。“反物质假说”认为：反物质与物质相遇会释放所有的能量。科学家预测该释放率远远高于氢弹爆炸。航天专家已经对反物质燃料的价值表示神往。科学发现的应用价值是人所关心的。当年一位贵妇人问电的发现者法拉第：“电有什么用呢？”法拉第反问了一句：“新生的婴儿有什么用呢？”关于反物质的应用价值，目前只能作些模糊预测。 下列对“反物质假说”内容的叙述，正确的一项是（）
简答题 管理学意义上的组织包含哪几个重要概念？
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual euuinment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more eontinental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a iournalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the Journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own Judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
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