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Questions 17—20 are based on the following text about flying. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17—20. The very first air passengers in the balloon were ().
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清朝嘉庆间，曹怀璞以名孝廉宰福建闽县。一日，于途中遇两人辨，执而问之。某拾得银五十两，持归呈母。其母日：“银数太多，倘此人急需，失之必有他变；速至原处，俟其人而还之。”如命而往，果有人寻，遂还之。而失者日：“尚有五十两，你当一并还我。”争辨不已。其意盖欲籍此讹诈，以免谢也。曹遂诘失银者，日：“汝所失果是百两乎”日：“然。”命二人各具结上，乃语拾银者日：“渠所失系百两，与此包不符。此乃他人所失，汝姑取之。”复语失银者日：“汝所失之百金，少项当有人送至，可仍在此候之。”拾银者持银而去，而此人默然不能复置一辞。围观者莫不称快焉。 《大清律例·户律·钱债》“得遗失物”条：凡得遗失物，限五日内送官。官物还官，私物召人识认，于内一半给与得物人充赏，一半给还失物人。如三十日内无人识认者，全给。限外不送官者，官物，坐赃论；私物，减二等，其物一半人官，一半给主。 请运用中国法制史的知识和理论，分析上述文字并回答下列问题： 清代对于拾得遗失物的法律基本规定是什么
In recent years the basic market principles of competition and choice have expanded into new aspects of American life. Consumers now face a bewildering array of options for air travel, phone service, medical car, even postal service. Car buyers can shop on the Internet for the best price at any dealership in their area. In some parts of the country, home-owners can purchase electricity from a menu of companies. All these choices translate into unprecedented consumer power.One of the persistent myths of capitalist culture is that business people love competition. They don’t. They spend their waking hours plotting ways to avoid it, and keep prices high. These days they use information technologies that give them intricate data on individual shoppers, and then present multiple prices to get each consumer to cough up the maximum he is willing to pay. The airlines have mastered this game, offering many levels of fare. Software companies appeal to the bargain shopper with a low price "standard" version and to the status conscious with a high priced "deluxe" alternative. If you are not in-clined to shop around or have a taste for extravagance, prepare to be fleeced. How do the basic market principles of competition and choice affect American life().
Talk to any parent of a student who took an adventurous gap year (a year between school and university when some students earn money, travel, etc. ) and a misty look will come into their eyes. There are some disasters and even the most motivated, organised gap student does require family back-up, financial, emotional and physical. The parental mistiness is not just about the brilliant experience that has matured their offspring; it is vicarious living. We all wish pre-university gap years had been the fashion in our day. We can see how much tougher our kids become; how much more prepared to benefit from university or to decide positively that they are going to do something other than a degree.Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of charities and private companies offering them. Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade. The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, very commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English. With this trend, however, comes a danger. Once parents feel that a well-structured year is essential to their would-be undergraduate’s progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies’ blurbs suggest it might be, then parents will start organising and paying for the gaps.Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, director of the gap companies’ umbrella organisation, the Year Out Group, it is usually because of poor planning. That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation. "When people get it wrong, it is usually medical or, especially among girls; it is that they have not been away from home before or because expectation does not match reality. "The point of a gap year is that it should be the time when the school leaver gets to do the thing that he or she fancies. Kids don’t mature if Mum and Dad decide how they are going to mature. If the 18-year-old’s way of maturing is to slob out on Hampstead Heath soaking up sunshine or spending a year working with fishermen in Cornwall, then that’s what will be productive for that person. The consensus, however, is that some structure is an advantage and that the prime mover needs to be the student.The 18-year-old who was dispatched by his parents at two weeks’ notice to Canada to learn to be a snowboarding instructor at a cost of ￡5, 800, probably came back with little more than a hangover. The 18-year-old on the same package who worked for his fare and spent the rest of his year instructing in resorts from New Zealand to Switzerland, and came back to apply for university, is the positive counterbalance. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that parents of gap students may ().
According to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating in exams at least once. It can be argued such a response may not mean much. After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbor’s test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.More and more states are requiring students to pass competency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies of state Regents examinations.Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say they’ve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they can’t track down all the cheaters anymore.Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. The purpose of the campaign was to catch "ringers", students who take tests for other students. Which one of the following summarizes is the main idea of the passage().
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