题目内容
The Science of Persuasion
If leadership consists of getting things done through others, then persuasion is one of the leader's essential tools. Many executives have assumed that this tool is beyond their grasp, available only to the charismatic （有魅力的） and the eloquent. Over the past several decades, though, experimental psychologists have learned which methods reliably lead people to concede, comply, or change. Their research shows that persuasion is governed by several principles that can be taught and applied.
The first principle is that people are more likely to follow someone who is similar to them than someone who is not. Wise managers, then, ask peers to help make their cases. Second, people are more willing to cooperate with those who are not only like them but who like them, as well. So it's worth the time to uncover real similarities and offer genuine praise.
Third, experiments confirm the intuitive truth that people tend to treat you the way you treat them. It's sound policy to do a favor before seeking one. Fourth, individuals are more likely to keep promises they make voluntarily and clearly. The message for managers here is to get commitments in writing. Fifth, studies show that people really do defer to （服从） experts. So before they attempt to exert influence, executives should take pains to establish their own expertise and not assume that it's self-evident. Finally, people want more of a commodity when it's scarce; it follows, then, that exclusive information is more persuasive than widely available data.
第 16 题 Experiments have confirmed the'assumption of many executives.
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The less advantaged people aye，the greater______．
Man of Few Words
Everyone chases success, but not all of us want to be famous.
South African writer John Maxwell Coetzee is_______（51） for keeping himself to himself. When the 63-year-old was named the 2003 Nobel Prize winner for literature earlier this month, reporters were warned that they would find him "particularly difficult to_______（52）".
Coetzee lives in Australia but spends part of the year teaching at the University of Chicago. He seemed_______（53） by the news that he won the US$1.3 million prize. "It came as a complete surprise. I wasn't even aware they were due to make the announcement," he said.
His_______（54） of privacy led to doubts as to whether Coetzee will attend the prize-giving in Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10.
But despite being described as_______（55） to track down, the critics agree that his writing is easy to get to know.
Born in Cape Town, South Africa, to an English-speaking family, Coetzee_______（56） his breakthrough in 1980 with the novel "Waiting for the Barbarians （野蛮）". He_______（57） his place among the world's leading writers with two Booker prize victories, Britain's highest honour for novels. He first_______（58） in 1983 for the "Life and Times of Michael K", and his second title came in 1999 for "Disgrace".
A major theme in his work is South Africa's former apartheid （种族隔离） system, which divided whites from blacks._______（59） with the problems of violence, crime and racial division that still exist in the country, his books have enabled ordinary people to understand apartheid_______（60） within.
"I have always been more interested in the past than the future," he said in a rare interview. "The past_______（61） its shadow over the present. I hope I have made one or two people think_______（62） about whether they want to forget the past completely."
In fact this purity in his writing seems to be_______（63） in his personal life. Coetzee is a vegetarian, a cyclist rather than a motorist and doesn't drink alcohol.
But what he has_______（64） to literature, culture and the people of South Africa is far greater than the things he has given up. "In looking at weakness and failure in life,"the Nobel prize judging panel said, "Coetzee's work_______（65） the divine （神圣的）spark in man."
第 52 题
Technology Transfer in Germany
When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few.nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity （繁荣） has faltered （衰退） over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without.its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur（企业家）, the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12, 000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
第 31 题 What factor can be attributed to German prosperity.
Father’s involvement in bringing up children
Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child—rearing，but what do fathers do？Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home． Bringing up children is demanding，stressflul and exhausting．Two adults can support and make up for each other’s deficiencies and build on each other’s strengths．
Fathers also bring an array of unique qualities．Some are familiar：protector and role model．Teenage boys without fathers are notoriously prone to trouble．The pathway to adulthood for daughters is somewhat easier，but they must still learn form. their fathers，in ways they cannot from their mothers，how to relate to men．They learn from their fathers about heterosexual trust．intimacy and difference． They learn to appteciate their own femininity from the one male who is most special in their lives．Most important，through loving and being loved by their fathers，they learn that they are love—worthy．
Current research gives much deeper—and more surprising—insight into the father’s role in child—rearing．One significantly overlooked dimension of fathering is play．From their children's birth through adolescence，fathers tend to emphasize play more than care taking．The father's style. of playis likely to be both physically stimnlating and exciting．With older children it involves more teamwork，requiring competitive testing of physical and mental skills． It frequently resembles a teaching relationship：come on，let me show yon how． Mothers play more at the child’s level． They seem to willing to let the child direct play．
Kids，at least in the early years，seem to prefer to play with daddy．In one study of 212-year-olds who were given a choice，more than two—thirds chose to play with their father．
The way fathers play has effects on everything from the management of emotions to intelligence and academic achievement．It is particularly important in promoting self—control． According to one expert，“children who youghhouse with their fathers quickly learn that biting，kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptable．”
At play and in other realms，fathers tend to stress competition，challenge，initiative，risk—taking confidence．Mothers，as caretakers，stress emotional security and personal safety．On the plalyground fathers often try to get the child to swing even higher，while mothers are cautious，worrying about an accident．
We know，too，that fathers’involvement seems to be linked to improved verhal and problem-solving skills and higher academic achievement．Several studies found that along with parental strictness，the amount of time fathers spent reading with them was a strong predicator of their daughters’verbal ability．
For sons the results have been equally striking．Studies uncovered a strong relationship between fathers’involvement and the mathematical abilities of their sons．Other studies found a relationship between parental nurturing and boys’verbal intelligence．
第 31 题 The first paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is________．
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