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Firth proposes context of situation, which is subdivided into [填空1] context and[填空2] context. The former includes the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants The latter refers to the probability of one word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another.

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Halliday’s theory combines the [填空1] and [填空2] of language together, that is, how to use the former realize the latter in communication.

In general, there are three metafunctions of language and three corresponding systems of language：ideaitonal function, interpersonal function and textual function. The first is realized through the system of[填空1]; the second is realized through the system of[填空2]; and the last is realized through the system of [填空3].

There are three functional constituents in the system of transitivity:[填空1]), participant and circumstances .

There are four initiating speech functions--statement, offer, [填空1], command. Normally, a[填空2]is to make a statement; an [填空3] is to ask a question; and an[填空4]is to issue a command; and an offer may be realized by a declarative or an modulated interrogative.