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2、次の文を読んで、質問に答えなさい。答それぞれえは①②③④の中から一つ選びなさい。 今日の私の生活は数え切れないほど多くの人々の労働結果によって支えられている。着るもの、食べるもの、住む家、なにひとつとしてほかの人の働きによらぬものはない。通勤のための交通機関にしても同じである。 それと同時に、私が着物や食べ物を買ったり、家を建てたり、交通機関を利用したりすることによって、それらを作る人々や交通機関に働く人々の生活が支えられているのである。 私一人の存在は微々たるものではあるけれども、しかし、この微小なものが集まって、①消費者と呼ばれる社会階層を作り上げているからである。 ②人生は、戦いであるといった人がある。まことにそのとおりである。競争から戦争まで、戦いでないものはない。これは確かに人生の一面を示している。 しかし、それと同時に人生は協力であるというべきではあるまいか。ちょうどミツバチが花から蜜をもらって、花粉の受精を助けているように、人生においては、自分の生活によって、他人の生活が支えられ、他人の生活によって、自分の生活が支えられている。 この事実に目覚めたとき、人は誰でも「ありがとう」と言わざるをえないのではあるまいか。 文章の内容によって、人々の労働の結果ではないのはどれですか。

A. 着物
B. 食べるもの
C. 競争
D. 住む家

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小郭小丁都在国税局工作,科长有一份材料需要撰写,科长先找小丁,小丁说,我手里的季度汇报材料要做,很忙,抽不开身;科长又想,找小郭吧,小郭文笔好。小郭说,我刚来单位,对单位的一些情况还不熟悉……科长开会去了,说回头再说。科长开完会要外出,没遇到小丁,就对小郭说,材料还是让小丁写,你和他说一下。假如你是小郭,请现在模拟如何跟小丁沟通,并且尽量消除可能产生的误会。

很高兴又能见到您。

简介黄河上游甘青地区新石器时代文化发展序列。

Passage Three The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That’s partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it’s also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote "team science". As physics developed in the post-World War II era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally. Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways--presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author’s particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate’s work or a coauthor’s, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility. Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame. According to the passage, whether multiple authors of a paper should be taken collectively or individually depends on ______

A. whether judgments are made about the paper or its authors
B. whether it is the credit or the blame that the authors need to share
C. how many authors are involved in the paper
D. where the paper has been published

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