One method of dating the emergence of species is to compare the genetic material of related species. Scientists theorize that the more genetically similar two species are to each other, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor. After comparing genetic material from giant pandas, red pandas, raccoons, coatis, and all seven bear species, scientists concluded that bears and raccoons diverged 30 to 50 million years ago. They further concluded that red pandas separated from the ancestor of today’s raccoons and coatis a few million years later, some 10 million years before giant pandas diverged from the other bears. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage
A. Giant pandas and red pandas are more closely related than scientists originally thought they were.
B. Scientists now count the giant panda as the eighth species of bear.
C. It is possible to determine, within a margin of just a few years, the timing of divergence of various species.
D. Scientists have found that giant pandas are more similar genetically to bears than to raccoons.
E. (E) There is substantial consensus among scientists that giant pandas and red pandas are equally related to raccoons.
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Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness: the greater a comet’s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the material of which Halley’s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought. The statements above, if true, give the most support to which one of the following
A. Some comets are composed of material that reflects 60 times more light per unit of mass than the material of which Halley’s comet is composed.
B. Previous estimates of the mass of Halley’s comet which were based on its brightness were too low.
C. The total amount of light reflected from Halley’s comet is less than scientists had previously thought.
D. The reflective properties of the material of which comets are composed vary considerably from comet to comet.
E. (E) Scientists need more information before they can make a good estimate of the mass of Halley’s comet.
Most parents who are generous are good parents, but some self-centered parents are also good parents. Yet all good parents share one characteristic: they are good listeners. If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true
All parents who are good listeners are good parents.
B. Some parents who are good listeners are not good parents.
C. Most parents who are good listeners are generous.
D. Some parents who are good listeners are self-centered.
E. (E) Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents are good listeners.
No ambitious politician will challenge an elected public official running for reelection unless that official appears vulnerable. Nonetheless, elected public officials who do not appear vulnerable as they attempt to win reelection rarely run unopposed. If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from them
A. If an elected official running for reelection appears vulnerable, that official’s challengers will all be ambitious politicians.
B. Some elected officials running for reelection are challenged by people who are not ambitious politicians.
C. Elected officials running for reelection who do not appear vulnerable are themselves ambitious politicians.
D. A person who is not an ambitious politician cannot win an election contested by the current officeholder.
E. (E) A politician’s career will be seriously set back if the politician wages an unsuccessful campaign for elective office.
Masterpieces of literature are "intertextual," that is, they tend to be written in response not to reality but to other works of literature. To the extent that a writing is intertextual, it becomes clouded as a mirror of social reality. The statements above provide the most support for which of the following conclusions
A. To the extent that a writing fails to mirror social reality, the writing is intertextual.
B. The author who wishes to write a masterpiece should avoid being influenced by other works of literature.
C. A writing that is not intertextual can have no significant relationship to any other writings.
D. Literary masterpieces of the past are suspect as sources of information about the social reality of the past.
E. (E) A work of literature is not intertextual if it is written in response to a writing that accurately mirrors social reality.
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