Comets do not give off their own light but reflect light from other sources, such as the Sun. Scientists estimate the mass of comets by their brightness: the greater a comet’s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. A satellite probe, however, has revealed that the material of which Halley’s comet is composed reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought. The statements above, if true, give the most support to which one of the following
A. Some comets are composed of material that reflects 60 times more light per unit of mass than the material of which Halley’s comet is composed.
B. Previous estimates of the mass of Halley’s comet which were based on its brightness were too low.
C. The total amount of light reflected from Halley’s comet is less than scientists had previously thought.
D. The reflective properties of the material of which comets are composed vary considerably from comet to comet.
E. (E) Scientists need more information before they can make a good estimate of the mass of Halley’s comet.
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Most parents who are generous are good parents, but some self-centered parents are also good parents. Yet all good parents share one characteristic: they are good listeners. If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true
All parents who are good listeners are good parents.
B. Some parents who are good listeners are not good parents.
C. Most parents who are good listeners are generous.
D. Some parents who are good listeners are self-centered.
E. (E) Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents are good listeners.
No ambitious politician will challenge an elected public official running for reelection unless that official appears vulnerable. Nonetheless, elected public officials who do not appear vulnerable as they attempt to win reelection rarely run unopposed. If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from them
A. If an elected official running for reelection appears vulnerable, that official’s challengers will all be ambitious politicians.
B. Some elected officials running for reelection are challenged by people who are not ambitious politicians.
C. Elected officials running for reelection who do not appear vulnerable are themselves ambitious politicians.
D. A person who is not an ambitious politician cannot win an election contested by the current officeholder.
E. (E) A politician’s career will be seriously set back if the politician wages an unsuccessful campaign for elective office.
Masterpieces of literature are "intertextual," that is, they tend to be written in response not to reality but to other works of literature. To the extent that a writing is intertextual, it becomes clouded as a mirror of social reality. The statements above provide the most support for which of the following conclusions
A. To the extent that a writing fails to mirror social reality, the writing is intertextual.
B. The author who wishes to write a masterpiece should avoid being influenced by other works of literature.
C. A writing that is not intertextual can have no significant relationship to any other writings.
D. Literary masterpieces of the past are suspect as sources of information about the social reality of the past.
E. (E) A work of literature is not intertextual if it is written in response to a writing that accurately mirrors social reality.
The most important aspect of moviemaking is conveying a scene’s rhythm. Conveying rhythm depends less on the artistic quality of the individual photographic images than on how the shots go together and the order in which they highlight different aspects of the action-taking place in front of the camera. If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true on the basis of them
A. The artistic quality of the individual photographic image is unimportant in movie photography.
B. Photographers known for the superb artistic quality of their photographs are seldom effective as moviemakers.
C. Having the ability to produce photographs of superb artistic quality does not in itself guarantee having the ability to be a good moviemaker.
D. Movie photographers who are good at their jobs rarely give serious thought to the artistic quality of the photographs they take.
E. (E) To convey a scene’s rhythm effectively, a moviemaker must highlight many different aspects of the action-taking place.
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