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Predictions of many robots in industry have yet come true. For ten years or more, manufacturers of big robots have explained how their machines can make industry more competitive and productive. The maker for (21) robots is oversupplied now, and the driving force of the robotics(机器人学) revolution is (22) to be with makers of machines that handle a few kilos at most."Heavy-robot manufacturers are in some difficulty (23) finding customer. They are offering big (24) just to get in the door. There has been a (23) growth everywhere in the numbers of robots, so we admit we are either deceiving (26) or that the market is slowly growing. "said John Reekie, chairman of Colen Robotics. "The following things must happen (27) the robotics revolution to occur. We must achieve widespread robot literacy, (28) there has been a computer (29) program, there must be a robot prices. (30) , some kind of artificial intelligence needs to be (31) ."Colen makes educational robots and machine tools. It is small (32) with companies like ASEA or Fujitsu Fanuc. But Colen with others and departments in universities such as Surrey, Manchester, and Durham possess an advantage (33) . the giants. The big companies sell very expensive (34) to businesses with expert knowledge in automation. The (35) companies make robots for teaching people, and now they have realized that there is a need for small, (36) robots that they can meet.The little companies either bring their educational machines (37) an industrial standard or design from the start. One technique that they all adopt is to choose (38) components where possible. The major cost of making (39) their models is the electronics, which will fall in price. There is (40) scope for reductions in mechanical costs. The sue of standard parts, which are easily replaced, should give these robots a mechanical life of something in the order of five years. 39().
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Questions 24 to 27 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news. Which statement is INCORRECT about the demonstration in London
In the 18th century, New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How to explain the change in its size and importanceTo answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history and economies. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily-populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter America, and the products of the land are sent there for export across the sea.Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into completed goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved to the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe’s canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long trip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After working for several years it was completed in 1825.The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what they had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In later years, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.The new railroads made canal shipping not as important as before, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of them remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great numbers of new Americans, New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage()
M: Sally, come downstairs, please. Look at this job advertisement.W: (from a distance) I’m coming. Walt a moment. (nearer) Eric, I’m here. What’s the matterM: Look, Sally. Here’s a job advertisement. "Start a new life with Exco Exports Ltd. as personal assistant to our managing director!" Perhaps it’s the job you want.W: Personal assistant to the managing director Yes, it is! Eric, would you like to read it for meM: It’s my pleasure! Now, listen--"We will give the right person ￡ 3,500 pa for a 45-hour week, free training, the chance to join a pension scheme, 3 weeks’ holiday per year and a company car! Canteen facilities are also available."W: It sounds not so good. Only ￡ 3,500 every year. I think the salary is fairly low. The working hours seem too long, you see, a 45-hour week. Oh, my dear! And the holidays are short too, only 3 weeks.M: But you’re interested in this type of job. Since you have no job now, you can treat it as one of your choices.W: Hm, you are right. OK, I’ll write down the address. Eric, please repeat it to me.M: "Box 4032, London".W: Good, the company’s in London. I don’t want to work out of this city.M: Look, there is another point maybe you will be attracted by.W: Yes. Ah, just now, auntie Jenny called me.M: Really What did she sayW: She told me there’s a job opening for a secretarial position in her company. She asked me to apply for it.M: Sounds good. Would you like to tryW: I am interested in the work, but you know, her company is in the city of Edinburgh. So I thanked her and wrote down the address only.M: How kind she is!W: Yes, she is very kind... Oh, she invited us to her villa to attend her birthday party this Saturday.M: Sure we are going to attend it. But what present should we take How about a bottle of wine, or...W: Eric! Look, here’s another job advertisement.M: What is itW: Listen: "Join one of the world’s fastest growing companies: Exco Imports Lid."M: How about the workW: (go on) "We are looking for a personal assistant to help our managing director."M: Another personal assistant to the managing director.W: "We can offer: ￡ 6,500 pa, 6 weeks’ holiday, and a 35-hour week! And we have a supersocial club, too! Interested" Yes! I am interested!M: Where is the companyW: "Ring Carrie Jones on 01 734 6387 Now It’s in London. Oh, Eric, I am so happy. It’s the right job I want.M: It seems everything is wonderful.W: That’s right. I’ll call the person now! (dialling sound) Good morning! Is that Ms Carrie Jones I am Sally Brown... What will be thought about mostly when one wants to find a job()
Aesthetic thought of a distinctively modem bent emerged during the 18th century. The western philosophers of this time devoted much attention to such matters (31) natural beauty and representation. (32) that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more (33) and has begun to (34) the philosophy of nature. Various issues (35) to the philosophy of art have had a (36) impact (37) the orientation of 20th century aesthetics. (38) among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and (39) the distinction between representation end expression. Still another question has to do with the value of art. Two opposing theoretical positions (40) on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good, (41) the other maintains that art is intrinsically valuable end is an end in itself. Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste. In recent years there has also been an increasing (42) with art as the prime object of critical judgment. Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought, (43) have followed (44) of two approaches. In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis end interpretation of the work of art. (45) , it is devoted to articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to (46) a particular way of perceiving it. Over the years, aesthetics has developed into a broad field of knowledge end inquiry. The concerns of contemporary aesthetics include such (47) problems as the nature of style and its aesthetic significance; the relation of aesthetic judgment to culture; the (48) of a history of art; the (49) of Freudian psychology and other forms of psychological study to criticism; and the place of aesthetic judgment in practical (50) in the conduct of everyday affairs.
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