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Scientists are now studying a new field of research called psychoimmunology. It is based on the idea that people who are depressed or have a lot of stress are more likely to become sick. Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychoimmunologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. Therefore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factors and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. By studying the cadets’ blood, they found that many were infected with a virus which causes mononucleosis, a common glandular disease. Of the infected students, only 5 percent actually became ill. The sick cadets had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses. They focused on cold sores, which are also caused by a common virus. Many student nurses carried the virus in their blood, but few of these infected nurses actually developed cold sores. The nurses who did develop cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells, called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system, namely, the lymphocytes.There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Our immune system in our bodies causes disease.
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Questions 17 to 20 are based on the talk about George Orwell. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 to 20.Today it’s my turn to give the presentation. As we agreed last week, I’m going to introduce George Orwell, a famous English writer.George Orwell was born in India on 25 June, 1903, but his family moved back to England four years later. He went to school in Sussex where he was very unhappy and then in 1917 he entered the famous English public school, Eton. Unlike most of his contemporaries, he did not go to university after this, but joined the Indian Imperial Police in 1922 and went to Burma. He disliked his job as a policeman and in 1927, after five years, he returned to England. He spent much of the following three years getting to know the poor and exploited in both London and Paris, and he also wrote articles for the newspapers, and poems. During all his life he hated political and social injustice and much of his writing was concerned with this, trying to enlighten and change society through his books. In 1933 his first book, DOWN AND OUT IN PATRIS AND LONDON was published, about his time amongst the poor in these two places. In 1936 the married Eileen O’Shaughnessy and later that year, in July, he travelled to Spain as a war correspondent. While there, he joined the Republican and fought for them against France in the Spanish Civil War. The following year he was seriously wounded in the throat and he returned to England in July 1937. In 1938 his sixth book, HOMAGE TO CATALONLA, about his time in Spain, was published. In 1940 he became a correspondent with the BBC. Immediately after the Second World War, in 1945, one of his most famous books, ANIMAL FARM, was published. He became very ill with tuberculosis in 1948 but he managed to write the book"1984", a pessimistic novel about the future. It was published a year later in 1949. He died on 23 January 1950.Well, that’s all about his life story. Now shall we concentrate on his famous book "ANIMAL FARM" What is George Orwell mainly known as().
Scientists are now studying a new field of research called psychoimmunology. It is based on the idea that people who are depressed or have a lot of stress are more likely to become sick. Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychoimmunologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. Therefore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factors and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. By studying the cadets’ blood, they found that many were infected with a virus which causes mononucleosis, a common glandular disease. Of the infected students, only 5 percent actually became ill. The sick cadets had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses. They focused on cold sores, which are also caused by a common virus. Many student nurses carried the virus in their blood, but few of these infected nurses actually developed cold sores. The nurses who did develop cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells, called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system, namely, the lymphocytes.There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Our brain can probably affect our immune system.
Scientists are now studying a new field of research called psychoimmunology. It is based on the idea that people who are depressed or have a lot of stress are more likely to become sick. Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychoimmunologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. Therefore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factors and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. By studying the cadets’ blood, they found that many were infected with a virus which causes mononucleosis, a common glandular disease. Of the infected students, only 5 percent actually became ill. The sick cadets had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses. They focused on cold sores, which are also caused by a common virus. Many student nurses carried the virus in their blood, but few of these infected nurses actually developed cold sores. The nurses who did develop cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells, called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system, namely, the lymphocytes.There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors. People who have a lot of stress are more likely to become sick.
Questions 11 to I3 are based on the following talk on different superstitions and customs. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 13.Molly, an English woman, is talking to Victor, who is Asian and they are discussing different superstitions and customs.Molly: There’s a black cat. That’s a lucky sign.Victor: I don’t think that as it just scratched me.Molly: Black cats are often used as good luck symbols in Europe.Victor: You have a lot of strange beliefs. I think I was told if you give someone a present with a sharp edge or point, like a knife or a brooch, you also have to give a coin.Molly: Yes, that’s right, then we say that the friendship will never be cut or broken.Victor: What about crossed knivesMolly: That’s supposed to be unlucky but we cross our fingers for good luck.Victor: The old people of my country believe in lots of things like that but I think it’s all a lot of rubbish. I can’t see how it can affect any thing.Molly: Well, many people say it’s bad luck to walk under a ladder and my uncle always laughed at that belief until one day he was walking under one and a pot of paint fell on his head. Now he’s changed his mind!Victor: Do you think that number 13 is unluckyMolly: Not really, but airlines must as there is never a seat mumber 13. They go from 12 to 14 direct.Victor: That’s only because they think that the passengers might be superstitious.Molly: My grandmother hates to break a mirror as she says that it brings seven years bad luck.Victor: Why Why not 5 or 10Molly: Don’t ask me!Victor: I have a friend who came here from Indonesia and when she first arrived she was insulted when I gave her something in my left hand.Molly: People who travel a lot have to be very careful how they behave in foreign countries as they might do or say something that is considered all right at home but dreadful in another place.Victor: That often happens, then people get the wrong idea about foreigners. It just needs a little understanding and common sense.Molly: My cousin was horrified at college when an Asian student belched in front of her, then spat on the ground.Victor: Spitting is a dirty habit but I don’t think that belching is wrong.Molly: It’s just a matter of opinion.Victor: That can be applied to most things in life.Molly: You’re right. Is Molly’s uncle a superstitious person().
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