Playing eighteenth-century music on the instruments of that period provides valuable information about how the music originally sounded. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be played without being restored, however, and restoring such an instrument destroys all of the information that researchers could obtain from it about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques. If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true on the basis of them
A. Eighteenth-century instruments cannot be used to provide information about the original techniques used in playing such instruments if they have been restored.
B. Eighteenth-century instruments that have been restored can provide information only about how eighteenth-century music originally sounded.
C. Eighteenth-century instruments are the only source of information about the instrument-making techniques of that period.
D. An eighteenth-century instrument that has not been re stored can provide more information than can one that has been restored.
E. (E) An eighteenth-century instrument cannot serve as a source of new information about eighteenth-century instrument-making techniques once it can be played.
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In household electric ovens, the heating element has only two settings—on and off. A thermostat connected to the oven’s temperature knob is the only control on temperature, automatically switching the element off when the indicated temperature is reached, which happens quickly in modern ovens, and subsequently on or off as needed to maintain temperature. Which of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above
A. Because in each case the heating element alternates between on and off, a modern household electric oven uses little more power at its maximum temperature setting than it does at its lowest temperature setting.
B. Once the indicated temperature has been reached and is being maintained by the thermostat, the heating element will be switched off for a greater proportion of the time than it is switched on.
C. The accuracy with which household electric ovens main rain their temperature could not be improved on by ovens whose heating elements have more than two settings.
D. In a correctly functioning modern household electric oven, the thermostat will generally not switch the heating element off when the oven’s temperature is more than a few degrees above the indicated temperature.
E. (E) If the thermostat of a modem household electric oven is disabled so that the heating element remains switched on, the oven’s temperature can eventually become higher than the maximum temperature setting on its temperature knob.
Nursing schools cannot attract a greater number of able applicants than they currently do unless the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions in the nursing profession are solved. If the pool of able applicants to nursing school does not increase beyond the current level, either the profession will have to lower its entrance standards, or there will soon be an acute shortage of nurses. It is not certain, however, that lowering entrance standards will avert a shortage. It is clear that with either a shortage of nurses or lowered entrance standards for the profession, the current high quality of health care cannot be maintained. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage
A. If the nursing profession solves the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions, it will attract able applicants in greater numbers than it currently does.
B. The nursing profession will have to lower its entrance standards if the pool of able applicants to nursing school does not increase beyond the current level.
C. If the nursing profession solves the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions, high quality health care will be maintained.
D. If the nursing profession fails to solve the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions, there will soon be an acute shortage of nurses.
E. (E) The current high quality of health care will not be maintained if the problems of low wages and high-stress working conditions in the nursing profession are not solved.
Students can learn mathematics only by exploring it on their own, with generous room for trial and error. For what matters in the long run is not acquiring particular computational skills (since without constant use skills rapidly fade), but knowing how to find and use suitable mathematical tools whenever they become necessary. If the position expressed above is correct, then each of the following can be true EXCEPT:
A. Mathematics teachers are often afraid that someone will ask a question that they cannot answer, and this insecurity frequently leads to authoritarianism in the classroom.
B. Prospective teachers should themselves learn mathematics as a process of constructing and interpreting patterns, of devising strategies for solving problems, and of discovering the beauties and applications of mathematics.
C. Political leaders must accept responsibility for coordinating a nationwide plan for all levels of instruction if mathematics education is to improve.
D. The most effective method for teaching students mathematics is for teachers to state the definitive rule for solving exercises of a given type and then to insist on rote practice in its proper application.
E. (E) Most current teaching presents mathematics as established doctrine, stressing the production of right answers rather than the ability to communicate reasons.
Car telephones have become increasingly popular because they permit people to make or receive business calls while driving. As an additional benefit, motorists can quickly call for help in the event of an accident or breakdown. Nevertheless, car telephones should be prohibited because their use causes hazardous driving. It can be concluded from the statements above that the author is committed to the troth of which of the following statements
A. The increasing popularity of car telephones is due primarily to the fact that they permit motorists to call for help in the event of an accident.
B. The reason that the use of car telephones causes hazardous driving is that while dialing calls drivers cannot keep both hands on the wheel.
C. The advantages afforded by car telephones do not outweigh the risks of hazardous driving created by them.
D. In order to dial or receive telephone calls, drivers must momentarily take their eyes off the road, and this practice is hazardous.
E. (E) The ability to use car telephones to call for help is a more important advantage than the ability to use these phones to engage in business calls.
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