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As an adult I choose to flip pages, not channels. After four years of not watching the tube and two years of not owning one, the empirical evidence is in: My life is better without a TV. Here’s why.TV consumes an enormous amount of timeLet’s do the math. According to a 2009 Nielson study, the average amount of time an American spends watching TV is around five hours per day! Five hours! Excluding time spent sleeping, this means the average person is spending a third of their day distracted or downright comatose. By extension, this works out to more than 3.5 months (15 weeks) of nonstop TV watching each year.(41) TV news is a poor way to be informedTV news justly receives much criticism. It has followed the path of professional wrestling: once genuine, yet now mostly for entertainment.(42) TV hinders the development of relationships(43) TV has too many commercialsThe average 30 minute slot of television programming has 8~9 minutes of commercials.(44) TV isn’t that hard to get rid ofYou might think, "I couldn’t possibly quit watching. "Firstly, you don’t need to. There are alternatives, including downloading the show or watching it on DVD, both of which offer stop/play control with no commercial interruptions. Secondly, it’s really not that hard to give up a show. They’re not like nicotine. There’s no chemical dependence.(45) TVs are the last non-portable relicFor the most part we’ve managed to make our technology mobile.Now, don’t get me wrong. I value entertainment and relaxation as much as the next person. There are shows I download and watch regularly, summing up to perhaps four hours per week. The truth is once you target a few specific shows and cut out commercials, there’s really not that much to watch.So save time, learn something new, try something different, build your relationships, and for your own sake, turn off the TV.[A] Sure you might get disappointed the first time you’re left out of a conversation about last night’s episode, but you can offset this disappointment by telling people about how you learnt to hang glide instead. I’ve liked a lot of TV shows but I’ve never seen one that wasn’t completely disposable at any given minute.[B] Internet and phone services are available almost everywhere. TVs, in contrast, are like the coil-corded phones of the past, keeping people cooped up indoors, glued to the couch. A stationary TV sets encourages a sedentary lifestyle that seldom serves us well.[C] Getting news from a rolling ticker (滚动新闻条) or a talking head is like going to a restaurant and waiting patiently to be served whenever the staff gets around to it. News should be ready on demand. With the Internet it is. With TV, you wait. If they have a story about a kitten caught in a tree, you endure it, lest you miss a minute of something that is actually relevant to you.[D] Based on our earlier calculations, this can work out to more than a month each year spent watching advertisements. Books have no advertisements. Even ads on the Internet can quickly be ignored if they’re of no relevance. TV ads, in contrast, are time wasters that are forced upon you.[E] At one point I was able to recount my favorite episode word by word. By watching these repeats you don’t even get to hear a unique joke or learn something new. TV reruns are time wasters, not only are you vegging out (慵懒发呆), you’re also not taking in anything novel.[F] Time spent watching TV is time you’re not enjoying quality experiences with friends and family. Instead of tube time, try something new and out of the ordinary with the people in your life. Play billiards. Fly a kite. Or just talk to each other. 44（）
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案情：2003年10月底，刘曙光因被车撞伤送进A市人民医院诊治，分两次将500毫升血浆输入体内。2003年底，刘曙光声称自己在A市人民医院输血时染上乙肝，因为输血后一个月自己开始出现全身乏力、食欲减退、体重下降等症状，经省级医院确诊患有乙型肝炎，而自己家人均无乙肝病史。2004年 1月，刘曙光以在A市医院就诊期间在输血过程中感染乙肝为由，向A市某区法院起诉，请求A市医院赔偿各种费用30万余元。一审中，医院护士岳某提供证言证明刘曙光在医院只打过点滴，没有输血。刘曙光代理律师提交刘曙光在A市人民医院输血时的费用单据。A市人民医院辩称原告没有充分的证据证明在医院输入血浆携带乙肝病毒，自己不应承担责任。一审法院认为，原告未向法院举出直接输入被告提供的血浆而染上乙肝的证据，本院也未收集到相关的证据，故原告诉讼请求木予支持，驳回刘曙光的诉讼请求。刘曙光上诉，二审法院组成合议庭，合议庭阅卷后径行判决，由医院承担对刘曙光的赔偿责任。二审败诉后，A市医院的代理律师进行了多方调查，从刘曙光同事武某处获知，2003年4月到6月刘曙光曾在A市嘉德医院住院治疗，A市医院的代理律师从嘉德医院取得刘曙光的病历，该病历证明刘曙光在2003年4月已经患有乙型肝炎。 问题： 本案一审中是否应适用举证责任倒置的规则
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After World War Ⅱ the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country’s radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan’s educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country’s universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain. According to the context, the word "effluents" in Para. 1 is closest in meaning to（）
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