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案情:2003年10月底,刘曙光因被车撞伤送进A市人民医院诊治,分两次将500毫升血浆输入体内。2003年底,刘曙光声称自己在A市人民医院输血时染上乙肝,因为输血后一个月自己开始出现全身乏力、食欲减退、体重下降等症状,经省级医院确诊患有乙型肝炎,而自己家人均无乙肝病史。2004年 1月,刘曙光以在A市医院就诊期间在输血过程中感染乙肝为由,向A市某区法院起诉,请求A市医院赔偿各种费用30万余元。一审中,医院护士岳某提供证言证明刘曙光在医院只打过点滴,没有输血。刘曙光代理律师提交刘曙光在A市人民医院输血时的费用单据。A市人民医院辩称原告没有充分的证据证明在医院输入血浆携带乙肝病毒,自己不应承担责任。一审法院认为,原告未向法院举出直接输入被告提供的血浆而染上乙肝的证据,本院也未收集到相关的证据,故原告诉讼请求木予支持,驳回刘曙光的诉讼请求。刘曙光上诉,二审法院组成合议庭,合议庭阅卷后径行判决,由医院承担对刘曙光的赔偿责任。二审败诉后,A市医院的代理律师进行了多方调查,从刘曙光同事武某处获知,2003年4月到6月刘曙光曾在A市嘉德医院住院治疗,A市医院的代理律师从嘉德医院取得刘曙光的病历,该病历证明刘曙光在2003年4月已经患有乙型肝炎。 问题: 本案一审中是否应适用举证责任倒置的规则

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After World War Ⅱ the glorification of an ever-larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country’s radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan’s educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country’s universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain. According to the context, the word "effluents" in Para. 1 is closest in meaning to()

A. by-effects
B. drainage
C. solid wastes
D. risks

Strange things have been happening to England. Still (1) from the dissolution of the empire in the years (2) World War Ⅱ, now the English find they are not even British. As the cherished "United Kingdom" breaks into its (3) parts, Scots are clearly (4) and the Welsh, Welsh. But who exactly are the English What’s left of them, with everything but the (5) half of their island taken awayGoing back in time to (6) roots doesn’t help. First came the Celts, then the Romans, then Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes. Invasion after invasion, until the Norman Conquest. English national identity only seemed to find its (7) later, on the shifting sands of expansionism, from Elizabethan times onwards. The empire seemed to seal it. But now there’s just England, (8) of a green island in the northern seas, lashed by rain, scarred by two (9) of vicious industrialization fallen (10) dereliction, ruined, as D.H. Lawrence thought, by "the tragedy of ugliness," its abominable architecture.Of all English institutions, the one to (11) on would surely be the pub. Shelter to Chaucer’s pilgrims, home to Falstaff and Hal, throne of felicity to Dr. Johnson, the pub- that smoky, yeasty den of jollity-is the womb of (12) , if anywhere is. Yet in the midst of this national (13) crisis, the pub, the mainstay of English life, a staff driven (14) into the sump of history, (15) as the Saxons, is suddenly dying and evolving at (16) rates. Closing at something like a rate of more than three a day, pubs have become (17) enough that for the first time since the Domesday Book, more than half the villages in England no longer have one. It’s a rare pub that still (18) , or even limps on, by being what it was (19) to be: a drinking establishment. The old (20) of a pub as a place for a "session," a lengthy, restful, increasingly tipsy evening of swigging, is all but defunct. 3()

A. comprising
B. constituent
C. form
D. ingredient

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