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TEXT D Stress is a word commonly found in today’s vocabulary, and is often used to describe modern working and living patterns, especially in big cities. Yet stress has been a part of daily life since time immemorial. Thus it would be more pertinent to define stress as the way in which the human body deals with all kinds of threatening situations, from confrontations with wild, vicious animals, to struggling through a crowded subway station during the early-morning rush hour: the effects on the body being universal. When confronted with a stressful situation the body reacts by releasing a hormone known as ACTH from the posterior pituitary gland situated at the base of the brain. The hormone, traveling through the network of arteries that make up the primary blood supply route, reaches the kidneys, or more specifically, glands situated on the peripheries, where it stimulates the release of adrenaline. This has an antagonistic effect on various bodily functions. That is to say it stimulates a response in certain organs, whilst inhibiting action in others. In other words a type of trade-off is reached, whereby energy saved by shutting down one function is thus used to enhance the performance of a neighbor. In this way, the body can prepare itself fully for the oncoming danger by using, primarily, the same given amount of energy, giving rise to what is known as the fight or flight response. When the fight or flight response is activated, with the release of adrenaline, blood is directed away from non-vital functions such as the skin and digestion, and redirected to the essential organs such as the brain to facilitate thought, the large muscle groups to facilitate speed, and the lungs to increase the amount of oxygen uptake into the bloodstream, whilst the heart beats faster to pump the blood round the body at an increased rate of speed, and raising the blood pressure. Once the stressful situation has passed the opposite occurs, resulting in what is known as the sympathetic rebound. The heart slows down and blood is redirected away from the lungs, brain and muscles, flowing, once more, to every part of the body, whilst digestion resumes. It is, however, the sympathetic rebound, or more specifically, the effects of the sympathetic rebound that lead to the myriad of modern stress-related diseases. Stress, in fact, has been linked to many more common diseases, such as cancer and even the common cold. The reason for this is that during the fight or flight response the body’s immune system that fights disease is also shut down, leaving the person more vulnerable to illness, and is, indeed, one of the commonest forms of stress-related problems. Unfortunately, however, modern life is packed full of stressful situations, and costs industry, thus the economy, millions of dollars each year in lost revenue. Traveling to work in the morning, meeting tight deadlines whilst at work, studying to further one’s qualifications, paying the mortgage or children’s school fees are but a few. Thus, it transpires that stress is a modern day epidemic that urgently needs addressing. Modern stress-related illnesses are believed to be caused by
In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva, lies a collection of laboratories and buildings, and most curious of ally a circular mound (36) more than 650 feet in diameter. This cluster has unique importance. It is Europe’s (37) atomic city dedicated to investigating the atom for peaceful purposes. The strange buildings (38) the European Council for Nuclear Research, more popularly known, from their French initials as CERV. The council was (39) when a handful of statesmen and scientific experts met in Paris in 1950. Their aim was to " (40) an organization providing for cooperation among European states in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character." The CERV agreement was signed in 1953, and work on the atomic city began in 1954. Today CERV’s (41) are among the most modern and the most diversified in the world. Impressive as the scientific aspect may be, the real significance of CKRV may lie (42) the thousand people—scientists, lab workers, and administrative—group drawn from the fourteen member nations (43) populate it. British engineers work (44) with Swiss electricians and Yugoslav nuclear physicists. The official languages are French and English, with German an unofficial third. But CFRV is (45) tower of Babel—the language of science is universal and all-embracing.
Questions 24-25 are based on the conversation you’ve just heard. Whom did the man and woman talk about
TEXT B Hollywood racked up another "record" year at the box office. But the higher ticket sales mask fundamental issues in the U. S. movie industry, where the so-called blockbuster strategy is causing movies to open with big tallies that fall off faster than in previous years. Movie ticket sales reached an estimated 8.35 billion in 2001, up 8.4% from 7.7 billion in 2000, the largest gain since 1998. Moreover, the number of tickets sold — a more reliable indicator — rose to an estimated 1.49 billion, according to box-office tracking firm Exhibitor Relations Co. The strong sales were aided by the post-Christmas, pre-New Year weekend. Although many observers thought people would stay away from the theaters after the 9•11, the numbers have been up 5% industry-wide since then from year earlier levels. Those positive trends, however, gloss over deeper problems facing the Hollywood studios and movie theater chains, where real audience growth has been marginal. Box-office totals have nearly tripled during the past decade, while the number of tickets sold has risen 30%, indicating the box-office record is driven by higher ticket prices, not increase in movie attendance. A more dangerous development, at least for theater operators, has been the trend toward movies opening to large box-office figures during the first weekend and then quickly trailing off. Theater operators earn most of the money from movies playing in their theaters after the second week. Studios, in contrast, collect the majority of a movie’s ticket receipts the first week. But, for the Hollywood studios that distribute the bulk of the movies seen by the public, the blockbuster strategy of putting as many marketable high profile movies into theaters as possible will continue in 2002 "I call it the year of the sequel," says Paul, a box-office analyst, noting the coming year’s lineup includes Men in Black 2, Stuart Little 2, Spy Kids 2, second installments for Harry Potter and Lord of the Ring. "Studios are playing it safe," he says. Such hyper-marketed movies can open big at box office, but they don’t tend to hold up in subsequent weeks, as the core movie-going audience — teenagers and adults in their 20s flock to the next "big" movie. Some of last year’s largest openers, such as Planet of the Apes, The Mummy Return and Jurassic Park saw their box-office number plunge by 50% or more the second weekend. One possible outcome is that the decades-old relationship between studios and theaters will undergo changes. If the studios persist in pushing "blockbuster" movies, then the traditional system of the studios taking a larger share of the box-office receipts in the first weeks could be revised to something more equitable. Studios, however, would be expected to fight any effort to revamp the current system. The fundamental issue in the U.S. movie industry is that
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