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Cost as a Factor in SupplyIn a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products (51) his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or (52) the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take the (53) of production into consideration. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for (54) he believes will be a short time. However, no business person can (55) to lose money for a prolonged period. He must be constantly (56) of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. (57) mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, (58) logic and practical experiences have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists (59) to this principle as the law of increasing costs.The reason costs rise as production goes up is (60) . However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, (61) competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs (62) skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get (63) from other sources. This can be done by (64) higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, (65) not all land is equally fertile and not all ore (矿石) is equally rich in the mineral wanted. 52().

A. below
B. beneath
C. over
D. above

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Milosevic’ s Death Former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic was found dead last Saturday in his cell at the Hague-based International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The 64-year-old had been on trial there since February 2002. Born in provincial Pozarevac in 1941, he was the second son of a priest and a school teacher. Both of his parents died when he was still a young adult. The young Milosevic was "untypical", says Slavoljub Djukic, his unofficial biographer. He was "not interested in sports, avoided excursions and used to come to school dressed in the old-fashioned way - white shirt and tie." One of his old friends said, he could "imagine him as a station-master or punctilious civil servant". Indeed that is exactly what he might have become, had he not married Mira. She was widely believed to be his driving force. At university and beyond he did well. He worked for various firms and was a communist party member. By 1986 he was head of Serbia’s Central Committer. But still he had not yet really been noticed. It was Kosovo that gave him his chance. An autonomous province of Serbia, Kosovo was home to an Albanian majority and a Serbian minority. In 1989, he was sent there to calm fears of Serbians who felt they were discriminated against. But instead he played the nationalist card and became their champion. In so doing, he changed into a ruthless and determined man. At home with Mira he plotted the downfall of his political enemies. Conspiring with the director of Serbian TV, he mounted a modern media campaign which aimed to get him the most power in the country. He was elected Serbian president in 1990. In 1997, he became president of Yugoslavia. The rest of the story is well-known: his nationalist card caused Yugoslavia’s other ethnic groups to fight for their own rights, power and lands. Yugoslavia broke up when four of the six republics declared independence in 1991. War started and lasted for years and millions died. Then Western countries intervened. NATO bombed Yugoslavia, and he eventually stepped down as state leader in 2000. Soon after this, Serbia’s new government, led by Zoran Djindjic, arrested him and sent him to face justice at the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in the Hague. What happened in 1991

A. Yugoslavia broke up.
B. Western countries intervened.
C. NATO bombed Yugoslavia.
D. Milosevic was arrested.

Storms Sink Ships Rescuers have found the bodies of over 130 people killed in two ferry disasters in Bangladesh. The accidents happened during a storm that hit the country on April 21 Hundreds more are missing or feared dead. The two ferries sank in different rivers near the capital city of Dhaka as strong winds and rain hit the South Asian country. The government has since banned all ferries and other boats from travelling at night during the April-May stormy season. One of the ferries, MV Mitali, was carrying far more people than it was supposed to. About 400 passengers fitted into a space made for just 300, police said The second ferry carried about 100 passengers. "The number of deaths is certain to rise, " said an official in charge of the rescue work. "No one really knows how many people were on board the ferry or how many of them survived. " Ferries in Bangladesh don’t always keep passenger lists, making it difficult to determine the exact number of people on board. Besides the ferry accidents, at least 40 people were killed and 400 injured by lightning strikes, falling houses and trees and the sinking of small boats. Storms are common this time of year in Bangladesh, as are boating accidents. Ferry disasters take away hundreds of lives every year in a nation of 130 million people. Officials blame these river accidents on a lack of safety measures, too many passengers in boats and not enough checks on weather conditions. Ferries are a common means of transport in Bangladesh. It is a country covered by about 230 rivers. Some 20,000 ferries use the nation’s waterways(水路)every year. And many of them are dangerously overcrowded (过度拥挤). Since1977, more than 3,000 people have died in some 260 boating accidents. How many passengers was MV Mitali designed to carry

A. 440
B. 100
C. 400
D. 300

In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of (91) , only about half a dozen (92) the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status, and several usually (93) their way to the coast. There cause millions of dollars of (94) , and bring death to (95) numbers of people. The great storms that hit the coast start (96) innocent circling disturbances hundreds, even thousands of miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water (97) by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the (98) winds. When conditions are just (99) , warm, moist air flows in (100) the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward through it and comes out at the top. In the (101) , the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat is converted to energy in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases, the (102) hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion. The average life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost (103) power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released by a hurricane’s rainfall in a(n) (104) day would (105) the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main (106) of death and destruction in a hurricane. A(n) (107) hurricane brings 6-to 12-inch downpours (108) in sudden floods. (109) is the powerful movement of the sea-the mountains of water moving toward the low-pressure hurricane center. The water level (110) as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.

A. begin
B. generate
C. originate
D. make

The Cold Places The Arctic is a polar region. It surrounds the North Pole. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is a land of ice and snow. Antarctica holds the record for a low temperature reading—125 Fahrenheit below zero. Readings of 85 degrees below zero are common in both the Arctic and Antarctica. Winter temperatures average 30 degrees below zero in the Arctic. At the South Pole the winter is about 73 degrees below zero. One thing alone makes it almost impossible for men to Jive in Antarctica and in parts of the Arctic. This one thing is the low temperature—the killing chili of the far North and the polar South. To survive, men must wear the warmest possible clothing. They must build windproof shelters. They must keep heaters going at all times. Not even for moment can they be unprotected against the below-zero temperature. Men have a way of providing for themselves. Polar explorers wrap themselves in warm coats and furs. The cold makes life difficult. But the explorers can stay alive. What about animals Can they survive Do we find plants Do we find life in the Arctic and the Antarctica Yes, we do. There is life in the oceans. There is life on land. Antarctica, as we have seen, is a cold place indeed. But this has not always been the case. Expedition scientists have discovered that Antarctica may have been much like our own. Explores have discovered coal in Antarctica. This leads them to believe that Antarctica at one time was a land of swamps and forests. Heat and moisture must have kept the trees in the forests alive. The lowest temperature that man has ever known was recorded in Antarctica.

A. Right
B. Wrong
C. Not mentioned

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