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Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
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Got a pen handy To best estimate your start-up costs, you’ll need to make a list and the more detailed the better. A smart (62) to start is to brainstorm everything you’ll need, from tangible (有形的) goods ( (63) inventory, equipment and fixtures) to professional services (such as remodeling, advertising and legal work). Then, start (64) how much you’ll need to pay for all those goods and services. Some of the expenses (65) during the start-up phase will be one-time costs, such as the fee for printing up your brochures, creating your LLC or acquiring a permit, (66) others will be ongoing, such as rent, insurance or employees’ salaries. In (67) , it’s best to use a two-step process. First, (68) an estimate of one-time costs needed to get your doors open, and then develop an operating (69) for the first six months or even the first year of the business. If you’re still having trouble (70) out how much money you need, do research (71) other companies in your industry and region of the country. Talk to their owners about (72) they figured out start-up costs and ask (73) about expenses they forgot. The SBA offers free (74) through its Small Business Development Centers and its (75) , SCORE. You can also seek advice from an accountant or attorney (76) to dealing with small businesses. When in (77) about your projections, you should always err (犯错误) on the side of overestimating your up-front investment cost and (78) sales. Eric van Merkensteijn, a University of Pennsylvania business professor who left (79) in the late 1990s to open a restaurant in Philadelphia, offers this advice: Figure out your start-up costs, then (80) that number. Then double it again. Only then will you have a(n) (81) number, says the professor, who closed the business in 2004 and returned to campus.
The role of the federal government in preventing adolescent drug use was a central issue of the 1996 presidential campaign. Bob Dole criticized the Clinton administration for reducing the staff of the Office of National Drug Control Policy while Clinton criticized attempts by the Republican majority in Congress to cut federal support of drug-prevention programs. It seemed as though everyone wanted to be seen as favoring federal spending on drug prevention, and in particular, drug education. Indeed, 65 percent of congressional candidates polled in 1996 by the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America ranked prevention programs as the number one priority in reducing the country’s drug problem, compared to just 9 percent for both prohibition and treatment. By the close of 1996, Republicans had abandoned their attempts to reduce the federal prevention budget and Clinton had secured extra funds for drug-education programs within the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Education. There is no mystery in the bi-partisan popularity of such education programs. Recently completed large-scale surveys have shown that illegal drug use among young people increased in the past three years, following more than a decade of steady decline. Advocates of drug education argue that federally funded initiatives of the past 10 years contributed, at least in part, to the decline in adolescent drug taking, and that cuts in federal spending led to the recent increased use. However, unlike other aspects of drug control policy, prevention or education has been hardly analyzed. Law enforcement and prohibition efforts have been the subject of debate in both the popular press and academic circles. In contrast, prevention is simply assumed to be a praiseworthy enterprise, and the claims of its advocates are uncritically accepted by the press and policy makers. Despite claims to the contrary, available data do not support the view that the decline in adolescent drug use that occurred between the early1980s and early 1990s was influenced by the level of federal spending on drug-education activities. Indeed, if one takes into account the fact that the effects of spending do not manifest themselves in actual behavior for at least three years, then increased spending coincided with increased drug use. The massive increase in federal spending that occurred in the mid-1980s drew a lot of people and programs into the drug-prevention arena in an indiscriminate manner. A good deal of this money went to people with limited experience and expertise in drug prevention. It is thus hardly surprising that we often get more, not less, drug use as a result of these activities. In the 1996 presidential campaign,
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given inbrackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2. With repeated hackers’ attacks on our system, we______(逐渐意识到请一位计算机安全专家的必要性).
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. Child maltreatment (虐待) is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the common existing of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking. Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5-10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as psychological abuse) and to neglect. Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide (他杀) deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to falls, bums and drowning and other causes. Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioral, physical and mental health problems such as depression, smoking, unintended pregnancy, alcohol and drug misuse, etc. Via the behavioral and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections. Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs. A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment. It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated: being either under four years old or an adolescent; being unwanted, or failing to fulfill the exceptions of parents; and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features. If children were maltreated, there is an ______ that they would have mental health problems when they grow up.
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