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Section BPassage One Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem which interests him；he must solve the problems as they arise, and his solutions must satisfy conflicting requirements. Typically, the engineering solution to most problems must take into account many factors. To the engineer, efficiency means output divided by input. His job is to secure a maximum output for a given input or to secure a given output with a minimum input. The ratio may be expressed in terms of energy, materials, money, time, or man. Most commonly the denominator (分母) is money；in fact, most engineering problems are answered ultimately in dollars and cents. The emphasis on efficiency leads to the large, complex operations which are characteristic of engineering. The processing of the new antibiotic and vaccines in the test-tube stage belongs in the field of biochemistry, but when great quantities must be produced at low cost, it becomes an engineering problem. It is the desire for efficiency and economy that distinguishes ceramic engineering from the work of the potter, textile engineering from weaving, and agricultural engineering from farming. Since output equals input minus losses, the engineer must keep losses and waste to a minimum. One way is to develop uses for products which otherwise would be waste. The work of the chemical engineer in utilizing successively greater fractions of raw materials such as crude oil is well known. Losses due to friction occur in every machine and in every organization. Efficient functioning depends on good design, careful attention to operating difficulties, and lubrication of rough spots, whether they are mechanical or personal. The raw materials with which engineers work are seldom found in useful forms. Engineering of the highest type is required to conceive, design, and achieve the conversion of the energy of a turbulent mountain stream into the powerful torque(转矩) of an electric motor a hundred miles away. Similarly many engineering operations are required to change the sands of the seashore into the precise lenses which permit us to observe the minute bacteria in a drop of water and study a giant mass of stars in outer space. The organization of the last paragraph can be best described as ______.

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Section A It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than ￡2 billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo program that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will not be complete until next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of, and new treatment for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state but audacious in scope: to map and analyze every single gene within the double helix of humanity’s DNA. The project will reveal a new human anatomy--not the bones, muscles and sinews, but the complete genetic blueprint for a human being. Those working on the Human Genome Project claim that the new genetic anatomy will transform medicine and reduce human suffering in the 21st century. But others see the future through a darker glass and fear that the project may open the door to a world peopled by Frankenstein’s monsters and disfigured by a new eugenics(优生学). The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development. The human genome is the compendium of all these inherited genetic instructions. Witten out along the double helix of DNA are the chemical letters of the genetic text, for the human genome contains more than 3 billion letters. On the printed page it would fill about 7,000 volumes. Yet within little more than a decade, the position of every letter and its relation to its neighbors will have been tracked down, analyzed and recorded. If properly applied, the new knowledge generated by the Human Genome Project may free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases. But if the new knowledge is not used wisely, it also holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression. Once before in this century, the relentless curiosity of scientific researchers brought to light forces of nature in the power of the atom, the mastery of which has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all our lives. The Human Genome Project holds the promise that, ultimately, we may be able to alter our genetic inheritance if we so choose. But there is the central moral problem, how can we ensure that when we choose, we choose correctly That such a potential is a promise and not a threat We need only look at the past to understand the danger. Why does the writer mention the discovery of the atomic power in the last paragraph

Section A It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than ￡2 billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo program that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will not be complete until next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of, and new treatment for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state but audacious in scope: to map and analyze every single gene within the double helix of humanity’s DNA. The project will reveal a new human anatomy--not the bones, muscles and sinews, but the complete genetic blueprint for a human being. Those working on the Human Genome Project claim that the new genetic anatomy will transform medicine and reduce human suffering in the 21st century. But others see the future through a darker glass and fear that the project may open the door to a world peopled by Frankenstein’s monsters and disfigured by a new eugenics(优生学). The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development. The human genome is the compendium of all these inherited genetic instructions. Witten out along the double helix of DNA are the chemical letters of the genetic text, for the human genome contains more than 3 billion letters. On the printed page it would fill about 7,000 volumes. Yet within little more than a decade, the position of every letter and its relation to its neighbors will have been tracked down, analyzed and recorded. If properly applied, the new knowledge generated by the Human Genome Project may free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases. But if the new knowledge is not used wisely, it also holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression. Once before in this century, the relentless curiosity of scientific researchers brought to light forces of nature in the power of the atom, the mastery of which has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all our lives. The Human Genome Project holds the promise that, ultimately, we may be able to alter our genetic inheritance if we so choose. But there is the central moral problem, how can we ensure that when we choose, we choose correctly That such a potential is a promise and not a threat We need only look at the past to understand the danger. To write out the human genome on paper would require ______ books.

Section A It has been called the Holy Grail of modern biology. Costing more than ￡2 billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo program that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will not be complete until next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of, and new treatment for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity. The objective of the Human Genome Project is simple to state but audacious in scope: to map and analyze every single gene within the double helix of humanity’s DNA. The project will reveal a new human anatomy--not the bones, muscles and sinews, but the complete genetic blueprint for a human being. Those working on the Human Genome Project claim that the new genetic anatomy will transform medicine and reduce human suffering in the 21st century. But others see the future through a darker glass and fear that the project may open the door to a world peopled by Frankenstein’s monsters and disfigured by a new eugenics(优生学). The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development. The human genome is the compendium of all these inherited genetic instructions. Witten out along the double helix of DNA are the chemical letters of the genetic text, for the human genome contains more than 3 billion letters. On the printed page it would fill about 7,000 volumes. Yet within little more than a decade, the position of every letter and its relation to its neighbors will have been tracked down, analyzed and recorded. If properly applied, the new knowledge generated by the Human Genome Project may free humanity from the terrible scourge of diverse diseases. But if the new knowledge is not used wisely, it also holds the threat of creating new forms of discrimination and new methods of oppression. Once before in this century, the relentless curiosity of scientific researchers brought to light forces of nature in the power of the atom, the mastery of which has shaped the destiny of nations and overshadowed all our lives. The Human Genome Project holds the promise that, ultimately, we may be able to alter our genetic inheritance if we so choose. But there is the central moral problem, how can we ensure that when we choose, we choose correctly That such a potential is a promise and not a threat We need only look at the past to understand the danger. What benefits can we expect to get from the Human Genome Project

The cause of work holism is the perception that _______________________(通过长时间地工作，完成更多项目，我们全能提高自身价值).