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Passage One It’s a brand new world—a world built around brands. Hard-charging, noise-making, culture-shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for network company startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透) people’s everyday lives—by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms. We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks (小亭) in elementary school lunchrooms. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspects of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny—and an inevitable backlash by consumers. "Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are, being taken over by marketing—and that has real implications for citizenship," says author and activists Naomi Klien. "It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space—a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space." Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas. Starbucks isn’t selling coffee; It’s selling community! Those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns. To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere, for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary—even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families. The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas. How can brands infiltrate people’s daily life
Passage One It’s a brand new world—a world built around brands. Hard-charging, noise-making, culture-shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for network company startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透) people’s everyday lives—by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms. We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks (小亭) in elementary school lunchrooms. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspects of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny—and an inevitable backlash by consumers. "Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are, being taken over by marketing—and that has real implications for citizenship," says author and activists Naomi Klien. "It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space—a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space." Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas. Starbucks isn’t selling coffee; It’s selling community! Those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns. To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere, for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefits (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary—even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families. The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas. What is the author’s attitude towards the massive expansion of marketing campaigns
Passage Two Basically, there are three types of fatigue: physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs significantly from the others. When you exercise your body you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, discard lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide, When these wastes reach a certain level in the blood, the brain is notified and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the muscles may produce soreness. If the blood of a physically fatigued animal is injected into a rested animal, it will produce fatigue. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple—rest. That should revive you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought. Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at once This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overtaxed and cannot keep up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are notorious for draining your energy. Other non-communicable diseases, like anemia (贫血), drain you because you are lacking an important body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way, pathological fatigue is a lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest. Even a poor diet can produce pathological fatigue. Frequently, people who go on crash diets develop pathological fatigue, and if the diet is not improved, they may do physical harm to their bodies. Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then. Often, the cause is an emotional war you are waging with yourself or those around you. Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue, worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to rest No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning or carpentry to "defatigue" themselves. If you find yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally. When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem. Which of the following is NOT true in the case of pathological fatigue
May people like the gigantic whales. Human sympathy (62) whales is only natural of all the creatures in the sea. (63) are closer relatives to us than these warm-blooded mammals. And how they got into the sea is one of the most fascinating stories of (64) . Most authorities believe that 60 million years ago ancestors of modern whales were four-legged, wolf-size animals living on the sea shores, (65) an abundance of fish and shrimp tempted them to try wading. (66) 10 to 15 million years, their bodies grew, forelegs shrank into flippers used for balance and steering and hind legs disappeared. As a result of some amazing transformations, they are now helpless on land. If stranded on a beach, they can barely breathe. With abundant (67) of food, whales grew into the largest creatures that lived, (68) larger than dinosaurs. A blue whale can grow to 100 feet. Its tongue is ten feet thick and heavier than an elephant. Some arteries are big enough for a child to swim (69) . The half-ton heart has walls two feet thick and pumps eight tons of blood. (70) its size comes awesome strength. A blue whale swimming (71) 15 knots generates 1 000 horsepower. (72) their size, these giants move at a good speed. An 18-ton whale can even (73) 12 m. p. h., over short distances. A whale can (74) to 9 000 pounds of food a day. The world’s biggest creature (75) itself almost entirely on shrimp-like krill, smaller than a person’s thumb. Maternal instincts are also (76) Because a calf is born underwater, the mother must get it to the surface before it (77) . Often another whale will help. The mother pushes it gently (78) the baby is confident with its swimming—usually after about 30 minutes. If the calf is (79) , she may support it on her back until it gradually rots away. Like all mammals, whale babies (80) mother’s milk. And the milk is more than 30-percent fat, over 10-percent protein, and the babies grow extremely fast. A blue whale calf lengthens (81) two inches a day and gains an average seven pounds per hour.
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